{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:39:15Z","timestamp":1782895155361,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite theorizing that cultural phenomena reflect collective processes, psychologists often analyze such phenomena at the individual level. This approach can skew conclusions by obscuring processes that unfold between\u2014rather than within\u2014group contexts. To demonstrate the importance of studying cultural effects at the group level, we examine a key tenet of sociocultural models of social class: an inverse relationship between class and social support. Across two datasets (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f3,347), individual-level linear and nonlinear models revealed weak and inconsistent associations between class indicators and social support. However, when latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to model associations at the level of class\n                    <jats:italic>groups<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we reliably observed a working-class profile displaying higher levels of social support than a middle\/upper-class profile. Corroborating the idea that poverty is associated with social isolation, we also identified an \u201cunderclass\u201d profile combining extreme deprivation with low levels of social support. Our work underscores that class-cultural differences constitute group-level phenomena that may prove undetectable at the individual level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1688178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:23:55Z","timestamp":1782890635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Looking for social class in all the wrong places: differences in social support emerge reliably between\u2014but not within\u2014class contexts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Fendinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, New York University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, New York University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, New York University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology","author":"Adams","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02234-1","article-title":"Advancing the psychology of social class with large-scale replications in four countries","volume":"9","author":"Batruch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Human Behav."},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education","author":"Becker","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9001","volume-title":"The American Occupational Structure","author":"Blau","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education","author":"Bourdieu","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.08.031","article-title":"Social class shapes the form and function of relationships and selves","volume":"18","author":"Carey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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