{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:20:50Z","timestamp":1788967250203,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SADAR (Sistema Autoesplorativo Dialogogico Autentico Relazionale\u2014Authentic Relational Dialogogic Self-Exploratory System) positions AI as a Digital Analytic Third for therapists\u2019 post-session reflection and clinical supervision, rather than for direct patient interventions or automated clinical decision-making. The SADAR frames AI as a dialogogic symbolic co-presence that expands the therapist\u2019s reflective space and deepens countertransferential awareness, without replacing professional judgment or human supervision. This perspective article defines the term \u201cdialogogic,\u201d presents a three-step reflective process (positioning, dialogogic prompting, and critical integration), and illustrates the framework\u2019s potential and limitations through two clinical vignettes. The operational implementation is detailed in a companion brief report. All outputs must adhere to reflective supervision protocols and should never replace direct patient data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1690291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:42:56Z","timestamp":1778244176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial intelligence as a digital analytic third: the SADAR framework for reflective supervision in psychotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Signorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Studio Psicologia Signorini","place":["Guidonia Montecelio, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Paganin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studio Psicologia Signorini","place":["Guidonia Montecelio, Italy"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Roma Tor Vergata","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2167-4086.2004.tb00151.x","article-title":"Beyond doer and done to: An intersubjective view of thirdness","volume":"73","author":"Benjamin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Q."},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"I and Thou","author":"Buber","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Passionate supervision","author":"Carroll","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12010029","article-title":"Can AI technologies support clinical supervision? Assessing the potential of ChatGPT","volume":"12","author":"Cioffi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Immunitas: The Protection and Negation of Life","author":"Esposito","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)","year":"2024","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union L 2024\/1689"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 (general data protection regulation)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.7785","article-title":"Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (Woebot): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158678","article-title":"Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: the reflective functioning questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Fonagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Therapeutic Group Analysis","author":"Foulkes","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the Oppressed","author":"Freire","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"217","volume-title":"The Standard edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud","author":"Freud","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51206","DOI":"10.2196\/51206","article-title":"The artificial third: a theoretical perspective on using psychodynamic psychotherapy as a conceptual model to utilize mental health chatbots","volume":"12","author":"Haber","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804797511","volume-title":"The Transparency Society","author":"Han","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Supervision in the Helping Professions","author":"Hawkins","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115655","article-title":"Assessing the potential of ChatGPT for psychodynamic formulations in psychiatry: an exploratory study","volume":"331","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12106","DOI":"10.2196\/12106","article-title":"An empathy-driven, conversational artificial intelligence agent (Wysa) for digital mental well-being: real-world data evaluation mixed-methods study","volume":"6","author":"Inkster","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473614","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1473614","article-title":"GPT-4 generated psychological reports in psychodynamic perspective: a pilot study on quality, risk of hallucination and client satisfaction","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Individualit\u00e0 e gruppalit\u00e0 [Individuality and Groupality]","author":"Napolitani","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.13129\/2282-1619\/mjcp-3442","article-title":"Relationship between countertransference and emotional communication in the counselling process","volume":"10","author":"Negri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"3","article-title":"The analytic third: working with intersubjective clinical facts","author":"Ogden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychoanal."},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Fundamental Themes in Clinical Supervision","author":"Proctor","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558513","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1558513","article-title":"Is it time for psychoanalyst.AI? On the relationship between artificial intelligence and psychoanalysis","volume":"16","author":"Rabeyron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Introduction to the internal Family Systems model","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Abstract Book of the 3rd Global Conference on Psychology","author":"Signorini","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Practical AI for Clinicians: the SADAR 3\u20132-1 post-Session Method","volume-title":"Practice Innovations","author":"Signorini","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-024-00056-z","article-title":"Large language models could change the future of behavioral healthcare: a proposal for responsible development and evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Stade","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Ment. Health Res."},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"5566","article-title":"Modifications to the HIPAA rules, 45 C.F.R. Pts. 160 & 164","volume":"78","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.10.018","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment and therapist drift","volume":"47","author":"Waller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Playing and Reality","author":"Winnicott","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"WHO Guideline: Recommendations on digital Interventions for Health system Strengthening","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.04.009","article-title":"Therapist responses to patients: development and validation of the therapist response questionnaire","volume":"46","author":"Zittel Conklin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1690291\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:44:35Z","timestamp":1788965075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1690291\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1690291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1690291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"article-number":"1690291"}}