{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:55:38Z","timestamp":1790945738738,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how congenital motor disorders affect cognition by analyzing intelligence in children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), a condition featuring joint contractures without CNS involvement. Unlike other motor disorders, AMC offers a unique model to study movement restriction\u2019s isolated cognitive effects. The study included 32 children diagnosed with AMC and a control group of 33 healthy children. To assess cognitive development, we administered the Culture-Free Intelligence Test (CFIT; GFT 2) to measure fluid intelligence, along with the Block Design, Similarities, and Vocabulary subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) to evaluate visual\u2013spatial, abstract-logical, and verbal intelligence, respectively. Comparative assessments of verbal and non-verbal intelligence in 6\u201315-year-olds revealed lower general and verbal-logical scores in AMC children, with gaps diminishing by adolescence. Non-verbal disparities emerged later, suggesting compensatory reorganization. Key finding: hand motor impairment\u2014not overall severity\u2014best predicted cognitive delays, emphasizing object manipulation\u2019s role in early development. Results advocate for dual motor-cognitive interventions and refined diagnostic frameworks to distinguish AMC\u2019s neuropsychological profile from other locomotor disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1704823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:20:50Z","timestamp":1784521250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of intellectual development in children diagnosed with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Koriakina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Psychology, HSE University","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Urentcova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.Turner National Medical Research Center for Children\u2019s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","place":["St. Petersburg, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Burdukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.Turner National Medical Research Center for Children\u2019s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","place":["St. Petersburg, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Agranovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.Turner National Medical Research Center for Children\u2019s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","place":["St. Petersburg, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Blagovechtchenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Psychology, HSE University","place":["Saint Petersburg, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102836","article-title":"Motor development: embodied, embedded, enculturated, and enabling","volume":"70","author":"Adolph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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