{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T18:27:15Z","timestamp":1769711235105,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational learning plays a critical role in motor skill acquisition. Investigating the neural substrates involved in this process is of great significance for optimizing teaching methodologies and advancing brain-computer interface technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An experimental design combining functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and behavioral analysis was employed. The fNIRS protocol utilized a 2\u00d73\u00d72 factorial design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Behavioral findings: The RSVD group (Regular-Speed Videos Demonstration) exhibited significantly higher movement accuracy scores compared to the SMVD group (Slow-Motion Video Demonstration). Cognitive load assessments revealed that the SMVD group experienced significantly higher cognitive load than the RSVD group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>fNIRS findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the observational learning phase, significant activation increases were observed in the Frontal Eye Fields (FEF, BA8) and the Pre-Motor\/Superior Motor Cortex (SMA\/Pre-SMA, BA6) compared to the demonstration phase. The Frontopolar Cortex (FPC) showed reduced activation during the observational learning phase relative to the demonstration phase. In the Right Frontopolar Area (RFPC, BA10), activation was significantly greater in the simple task condition compared to moderate and difficult task conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the early stages of instruction, SMVD may impede the effectiveness of observational learning for Tai Chi. Both the action demonstration and observational learning phases demand greater neural resources and broader brain network connectivity, requiring coordinated engagement of cognitive and motor systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1710673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:58:58Z","timestamp":1769677138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["fNIRS cortical activation in Tai Chi observational learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shenglai","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Motor Learning Science, Shaanxi Normal University","place":["Xi'an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of 7 Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Motor Learning Science, Shaanxi Normal University","place":["Xi'an, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/026404101750238962","article-title":"Effects of manipulating relative and absolute motion information during observational learning of an aiming task","volume":"19","author":"Al-Abood","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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