{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T20:49:26Z","timestamp":1786394966297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMPH) are widely misused psychostimulants that induce enduring alterations in brain function and behavior, including cognitive impairment. To date, literature in this area has not been sufficiently reviewed and summarized to account for how methodological variables, such as dosage and administration contingency, influence cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review evaluates the effects of METH and AMPH withdrawal on rodent cognition, with particular attention to how outcomes are influenced by dose, sex, strain, and withdrawal duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and OVID was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies were full-text, English-language articles assessing cognition in rodents after withdrawal from METH or AMPH. Risk of bias was evaluated using SYRCLE\u2019s tool. Ultimately, 37 original articles published between 1971 and 2025 were included in this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Withdrawal impaired recognition and non-spatial working memory (novel object recognition and temporal order) as well as spatial working memory (Morris Water Maze, object placement recognition, Y-maze, radial arm maze, and T-maze). Outcomes varied according to dose, withdrawal duration, sex, and strain. Some studies reported partial recovery or even enhanced reversal learning with prolonged abstinence. Extended-access and high-dose regimens produced more persistent deficits, with females generally more vulnerable than males. Locomotor findings were inconsistent: some studies reported hypoactivity or impaired motor coordination, while others observed no change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rodent evidence indicates that METH and AMPH withdrawal most reliably disrupt recognition and working memory, with less consistent effects on spatial learning and locomotion. Standardization of dosing regimens, withdrawal periods, and behavioral tasks is needed to improve reproducibility and enhance translational relevance to human addiction research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1729722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:34:19Z","timestamp":1774506859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cognitive effects of methamphetamine and amphetamine withdrawal in rodents: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Reshiika","family":"Poorvii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isa Naina","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Fairuz","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norazrina","family":"Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teoh Seong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidi Mohamed Pakri","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azizah","family":"Ugusman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prem Kumar","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","place":["Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00123","article-title":"DARK classics in chemical neuroscience: methamphetamine","volume":"9","author":"Abbruscato","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. 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