{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:00:08Z","timestamp":1790316008257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social media use has been implicated in the development of anti-vaccine attitudes. However, its connection with the post-vaccination experience itself remains unclear. The present longitudinal study examined how expectations and psychosocial factors are associated with the relationship between exposure to reports of COVID-19 vaccine side effects on social media and observers\u2019 post-vaccination side effect experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective longitudinal study using online surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five hundred thirty-eight adults residing in Australia indicated the burden (i.e., number of symptoms and related severity) of COVID-19 vaccine side effects seen reported by other users on social media and their own expectations of experiencing post-vaccination side effects (T1). Perceptions of social media and psychosocial beliefs were also measured. Experience of vaccine-attributed side effects were self-reported after participants received their first (T2;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f299) and second (T3;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f155) vaccine doses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a significant positive association between social media side effect burden exposure and the side effect burden experienced after receiving the first dose. Pre-vaccination side effect expectations formed an indirect association between these variables, but not for the exposure-second dose association. Worry about COVID-19 vaccine side effects, greater side effect severity experienced by known others, and stronger vaccine misconceptions strengthened the first dose indirect association through expectations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to user-posted health information on social media was positively associated with post-vaccination side effect experiences and the pre-vaccination expectations associated with this relationship were modulated by several psychosocial factors. Health interventions should consider the potential role of social media-derived symptom information on negative health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1730585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:32:58Z","timestamp":1790314378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social media use and expectations predict COVID-19 vaccine side effects: a prospective longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Winston","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toledo","place":["Toledo, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Geers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toledo","place":["Toledo, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan J.","family":"Livesey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Colagiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Social Learning Theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101730","article-title":"Drivers of the intention to receive a COVID-19 booster vaccine: insights from the UK and Australia","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060962","article-title":"Positive attribute framing increases COVID-19 booster vaccine intention for unfamiliar vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Vaccine Willingness and Concerns in Australia: August 2020 to April 2021","author":"Biddle","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","article-title":"Fearing the unknown: a short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale","volume":"21","author":"Carleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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