{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:03:27Z","timestamp":1777007007647,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The classification of personality disorders (PDs) may be enhanced by dimensional models such as the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the ICD-11. However, their implementation in clinical practice remains limited, particularly among older adults, who are underrepresented in PD research. Given that personality pathology may vary across the lifespan, incorporating an age-sensitive perspective is essential when applying dimensional models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included a non-clinical sample of 754 participants aged 18 to 97 and a clinical sample of 102 older adult patients aged 65 and above. The discriminative validity of the LPFS-BF 2.0 and PID-5-BF + M was first assessed. Subsequently, age- and gender-specific normative thresholds were developed based on the non-clinical sample and evaluated within the clinical sample. Finally, self-report measures were compared with informant reports and clinical interview data (STiP-5.1) in the clinical older adult group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the LPFS-BF 2.0 and PID-5-BF + M effectively differentiated between clinical and non-clinical participants. Age and gender influenced mean scores, supporting the need for adjusted normative thresholds. These thresholds successfully identified clinically elevated cases, particularly for the LPFS-BF 2.0 total score and the PID-5-BF + M domains of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, and Psychoticism. Moderate agreement was observed between self-reports, informant reports, and clinical interviews, although not all scales showed consistent correlations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the importance of accounting for age and gender in the clinical application of dimensional PD models and support the use of multi-method assessment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1734213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:32:34Z","timestamp":1777005154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facilitating clinical application of a dimensional model for personality disorders across the entire adult lifespan: thresholds for dysfunction and a multi-method approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Morag","family":"Facon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Dierckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]},{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen","place":["Tienen, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan P. J.","family":"van Alphen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]},{"name":"Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan Mental Health Center","place":["Heerlen\/Maastricht, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University","place":["Maastricht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selinay","family":"Surer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Centre of Excellence for Personality Disorders in Older Adults, Mondriaan Mental Health Center","place":["Heerlen\/Maastricht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personality and Psychopathology Research Group (PEPS), Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1428984","article-title":"Level of Personality Functioning Scale\u2013Brief Form 2.0: Utility in Capturing personality Problems in psychiatric outpatients and incarcerated addicts","volume":"100","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000507589","article-title":"International assessment of DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder traits: toward a common nosology in DSM-5.1","volume":"53","author":"Bach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-025-00287-2","article-title":"Sex differences in personality dysfunction in help-seeking adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Cavelti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bord. 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