{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:59:49Z","timestamp":1788307189181,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enrolled medical undergraduates face high exam competition and stress, reducing life quality, well-being, learning abilities and health; supporting their exam stress management is critical. This study used a 2-h forest bathing intervention to alleviate their exam-related stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One week prior to the intervention, 160 students were recruited via university bulletin boards; eligibility screening, defined by a State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory-State score &amp;gt;40, was administered 1 day before the 2-h sensory exposure. Ultimately, 60 final-examination-preparing medical undergraduates (male:female\u202f=\u202f7:53) were randomly assigned to two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f30 per group). Analyses focused on oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), physiological functions, and psychological changes under specific tasks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forest environments characterized by lower noise levels, and higher negative air ion concentrations\u2014with a comfort index of 0.971\u20131.368 (vs. 2.221\u20133.647 in urban areas) and negative oxygen ion concentrations of 1,000\u20131,200 ions\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (vs. 400\u2013500 ions\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      in urban areas). For the PFC region, forest group had significantly greater oxy-Hb reduction during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) [\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (29)\u202f=\u202f3.038,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.005]. At the channel-specific level, forest group had decreased oxy-Hb in the left PFC and bilateral Frontopolar Area during the TSST, while the urban group exhibited increased oxy-Hb in the right PFC during the MT. No between-group oxy-Hb differences were observed in the Stroop task or rumination task. Forest group showed lower heart rate [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f4.227,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.044], salivary cortisol [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f4.590,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.036], higher Nature Connection Scale [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f4.822,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.032], Digit Span Backward Test [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f6.164,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016], Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f12.040,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001], lower Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f11.318,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001]\/Perceived Stress Scale scores [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f6.076,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.017], 56.7% positive facial expressions (\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f263.000,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.002), and elevated positive affect [Profile of Mood States:\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1,57)\u202f=\u202f17.063,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short-term forest bathing reduces physiological stress markers, enhances nature connectedness\/positive emotions, alleviates stress via modified cerebral blood flow, and improves memory and reduce cognitive fatigue to a certain extent. As a low-cost, easy-to-implement strategy, it is may recommended for enrolled medical undergraduates\u2019 mental health curricula to build sustainable stress management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1734650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:52:35Z","timestamp":1773211955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the effects of short-term forest bathing on anxious medical undergraduates\u2019 stressful emotions using near-infrared functional brain imaging and facial expression technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rongshan","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingfeng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2016.13.6.637","article-title":"Salivary testosterone levels under psychological stress and its relationship with rumination and five personality traits in medical students","volume":"13","author":"Afrisham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Aldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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