{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:41:55Z","timestamp":1775108515337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cognitive fusion, a key construct in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), describes the overidentification with internal thoughts that compromises psychological flexibility and contributes to maladaptive emotion regulation. Cognitive defusion techniques aim to reduce this entanglement, promoting adaptive functioning and improved mental health. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) across diverse populations, focusing on reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Data were drawn from three studies involving individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and non-clinical meditators. In Study 1, regular meditators (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 779) completed the original English CFQ. Study 2 assessed the German version (CFQ-D) in patients with SSD (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 123). Study 3, a randomized controlled trial (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 38), evaluated the CFQ-D's sensitivity to mindfulness-based group therapy (MBGT). Internal consistency, correlations with the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ), and pre\u2013post changes were analyzed. The English CFQ showed excellent internal consistency (\u03b1 = 0.94) and strong negative correlations with the SMQ (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22120.67). The CFQ-D demonstrated high reliability (\u03b1 = 0.92) and moderate negative correlations with SMQ (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22120.30). In Study 3, participants receiving mindfulness-based therapy showed reduced cognitive fusion over time. The CFQ is a reliable, valid measure of cognitive fusion across clinical and non-clinical samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1748422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:15:56Z","timestamp":1775103356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire in regular meditators and persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Niklas","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingmar","family":"Conell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Hahne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Zierhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"BIH Charit\u00e9 Junior Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center of Mental Health (DZPG)","place":["Berlin\/Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Minh Tam","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerem","family":"B\u00f6ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center of Mental Health (DZPG)","place":["Berlin\/Potsdam, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Medical University Brandenburg","place":["Neuruppin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2024.100503","article-title":"The relationship between mindfulness and empathy with the oxytocinergic system in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial (OXYGEN)","volume":"24","author":"B\u00f6ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B2","author":"B\u00f6ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Achtsamkeit bei psychotischen St\u00f6rungen: Gruppentherapiemanual f\u00fcr die station\u00e4re und ambulante Behandlung SENSE. Mit E-Book inside und Arbeitsmaterial."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2130","article-title":"Mindfulness based group therapy for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders\u2014feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a rater blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"228","author":"B\u00f6ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115591","article-title":"Mindfulness, psychological flexibility and their relationship with psychopathology in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls\u2014a multicenter cross sectional study","volume":"330","author":"B\u00f6ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959467","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.959467","article-title":"Mindfulness, cognitive fusion, and self-compassion in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"B\u00f6ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1348\/014466508X314891","article-title":"Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ)","volume":"47","author":"Chadwick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2018.06.003","article-title":"Concept and validation of the German version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire (CFQ D)","volume":"9","author":"China","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"A First Course in Factor Analysis, 2nd Edn","author":"Comrey","year":"1992"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications, 4th Edn","author":"DeVellis","year":"2016"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000053","article-title":"\u201cBuying into thoughts\u201d: French validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire","volume":"48","author":"Dionne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100578","article-title":"Real-world long-term outcomes in individuals at clinical risk for psychosis: the case for extending duration of care","volume":"28","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02219","article-title":"Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: the cognitive control and flexibility questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Gabrys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.733351","article-title":"Flexibility is not always adaptive: affective flexibility and inflexibility predict rumination use in everyday life","volume":"27","author":"Genet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.09.001","article-title":"The development and initial validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire","volume":"45","author":"Gillanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sbae198","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae198","article-title":"Yoga-based group intervention for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a rater-blinded randomized controlled trial.","volume":"52","author":"Hahne","year":"2026","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03380-2","article-title":"The relationship between mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and symptom severity in persons with schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Hahne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80022-4","article-title":"The impact of acceptance and commitment training and multicultural training on the stigmatizing attitudes and professional burnout of substance abuse counselors","volume":"35","author":"Hayes","year":"","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20442","article-title":"The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care","volume":"16","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.06.006","article-title":"Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Hayes","year":"","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change","author":"Hayes","year":"1999"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/17335-000","author":"Hayes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change, 2nd Edn"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449","article-title":"Open, aware, and active: Contextual approaches as an emerging trend in the behavioral and cognitive therapies","volume":"7","author":"Hayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"1990"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2015.43.10.1715","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a Korean version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Pers."},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th Edn","author":"Kline","year":"2015"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33267","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","article-title":"Sample size justification","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008","article-title":"The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research","volume":"45","author":"Leon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1037\/t62695-000","article-title":"Cognitive fusion questionnaire: Brazilian Portuguese validation and relationships with psychological inflexibility and psychopathology","volume":"6","author":"Lucena Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu038","article-title":"Metacognitive capacities for reflection in schizophrenia: implications for developing treatments","volume":"40","author":"Lysaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.02.016","article-title":"Metacognition within narratives of schizophrenia: associations with multiple domains of neurocognition","volume":"93","author":"Lysaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2043808718814992","article-title":"Metacognition and recovery in schizophrenia: from research to the development of metacognitive reflection and insight therapy","volume":"10","author":"Lysaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-014-9570-9","article-title":"Decentering, rumination, cognitive defusion, and psychological flexibility in people with chronic pain","volume":"37","author":"McCracken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.1066","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: international cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Pauly","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273331","article-title":"Cognitive fusion and personality traits in the context of mindfulness: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Pux","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"117","article-title":"Cognitive fusion in dementia caregiving: psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"Romero Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216643","article-title":"Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations","volume":"14","author":"Schlosser","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20491","article-title":"Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well being","volume":"64","author":"Shapiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000244","article-title":"The psychometric properties of the cognitive fusion questionnaire in adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Sol\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392178","article-title":"Creating a strategy for progress: a contextual behavioral science approach","volume":"32","author":"Vilardaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Anal."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22656","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of a web-based acceptance and commitment therapy program to promote mental health skills in university students","volume":"74","author":"Viskovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22848","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of a web based acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) program to promote mental health in university students","volume":"76","author":"Viskovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1748422\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:16:03Z","timestamp":1775103363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1748422\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1748422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1748422","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"article-number":"1748422"}}