{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:12:29Z","timestamp":1790143949362,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual assault is a pervasive issue with profound psychological and physical impacts, including significant sleep disturbances. Although psychological distress is a well-established mediator in the relationship between sexual assault and poor sleep quality, the role of the circadian system remains underexplored. The circadian system manifests a continuum of sleep-wake cycles, with late chronotype being a particularly disruptive pattern linked to impaired psychological functioning. Severe psychological stress can disrupt our circadian system leading to emergence of late chronotype preference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigates whether psychological distress and late chronotype mediate the relationship experiences of sexual assault and sleep quality using a cross-sectional design. Canadian participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 90 with sexual assault history;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 97 controls; 19\u201350 years) were recruited via crowdsourcing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural equation modelling confirmed that sexual assault was significantly related to greater levels of psychological distress, psychological distress significantly predicted late chronotype, but only psychological distress (and not late chronotype) mediated the relationship between sexual assault and poor sleep quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the contribution of late chronotype to sleep quality was not clarified, this study made clear that this maladaptive chronotype is prevalent among survivors and associated with distress. Implications are discussed in terms of the long-term impacts of sexual assault, including sleep-focused interventions to improve outcomes for survivors, and the value of studying sleep quality among those suffering from traumatic events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1753513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:55:49Z","timestamp":1790142949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Links between psychological distress, late chronotype, and impaired sleep quality in survivors of sexual assault"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kaitlyn M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick","place":["Fredericton, NB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia F.","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick","place":["Fredericton, NB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956746","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1956746","article-title":"Sleep, circadian system and traumatic stress.","volume":"12","author":"Agorastos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.01003","article-title":"Multilevel interactions of stress and circadian system: Implications for traumatic stress.","volume":"10","author":"Agorastos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2026.03.005","article-title":"Childhood sexual violence and sleep disturbances in adulthood: Findings from a large French population-based study (CONSTANCES).","volume":"12","author":"Al Zayat","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.006","article-title":"Timing to perfection: The biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks.","volume":"74","author":"Albrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Amos (Version 26.0) [Computer Program].","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2019"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3967.213","article-title":"Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness: Entrainment by social cues.","volume":"171","author":"Aschoff","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581019","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1581019","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and nightmares in victims of sexual abuse with post-traumatic stress disorder: An analysis of abuse-related characteristics.","volume":"10","author":"Belleville","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-020-00140-z","article-title":"Method to convert an 8-item PCL-5 score to a total PCL-5 score: A scaled equation analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Brier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Technol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085119859079","article-title":"Doing the \u201cright thing\u201d? Understanding why rape victim-survivors report to the police.","volume":"15","author":"Brooks-Hay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fem. Criminol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114334","article-title":"Sexual violence and Australian women: A longitudinal analysis of psychosocial and behavioral outcomes.","volume":"292","author":"Brunton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Report On The Aau Campus Climate Survey On Sexual Assault And Sexual Misconduct.","author":"Cantor","year":"2019"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01393.x","article-title":"The differential impacts of early physical and sexual abuse and internalizing problems on daytime cortisol rhythm in school-aged children.","volume":"81","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2023.2189952","article-title":"Associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms and sleep\/circadian parameters: Exploring the effect of chronotype as a moderator variable.","volume":"40","author":"Cruz-Sanabria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501053320102","article-title":"Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light.","volume":"332","author":"Czeisler","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02110536","article-title":"Sexual abuse in canadian university and college dating relationships: The contributions of male peer support.","volume":"10","author":"DeKeseredy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135821","article-title":"The mammalian circadian timing system: Organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks.","volume":"72","author":"Dibner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317751618","article-title":"Chronotype is associated with psychological well-being depending on the composition of the study sample.","volume":"25","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018813198","article-title":"Risk for mental disorders associated with sexual assault: A meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Dworkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma. Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211032213","article-title":"PTSD in the year following sexual assault: A meta-analysis of prospective studies.","volume":"24","author":"Dworkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma. Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/13558196221124740","article-title":"Trauma and resilience informed research principles and practice: A framework to improve the inclusion and experience of disadvantaged populations in health and social care research.","volume":"28","author":"Edelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Serv. Res. Policy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1176927","article-title":"Chronotype, gender and general health.","volume":"33","author":"Fabbian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019852633","article-title":"Sleep and interpersonal violence: A systematic review.","volume":"22","author":"Gallegos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma. Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.78","article-title":"Circadian clock control of endocrine factors.","volume":"10","author":"Gamble","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803\/a000267","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, sleep, and aging.","volume":"35","author":"Garbarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100668","article-title":"Cognition","volume":"55","author":"Gava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22478","article-title":"Validation of abbreviated four- and eight-item versions of the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 in a traumatically injured Sample.","volume":"33","author":"Geier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.02.001","article-title":"A brief sleep scale for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pittsburgh sleep quality index addendum for PTSD.","volume":"19","author":"Germain","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.12.004","article-title":"Sleep in PTSD: Conceptual model and novel directions in brain-based research and interventions.","volume":"14","author":"Germain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin Psychol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247737","article-title":"Chronobiology in paediatric neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Harmonizing care with biological clocks.","volume":"13","author":"Giannotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Self-Reported Sexual Assault Since Age 15.\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.012","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral social rhythm group therapy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and sleep disturbance: Results from an open trial.","volume":"192","author":"Haynes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.09.005","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for sleep disturbances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"43","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"97","article-title":"A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms.","volume":"4","author":"Horne","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Chronobiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep1010012","article-title":"Later chronotype is associated with higher alcohol consumption and more adverse childhood experiences in young healthy women.","volume":"1","author":"Hug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2022.2050385","article-title":"The mediating effect of attachment insecurity on circadian consequences of childhood trauma.","volume":"39","author":"I\u015fik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1001_6","article-title":"Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N:q hypothesis.","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Struc. Equ. Modeling"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12710","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12710","article-title":"The impact of stress on sleep: Pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders.","volume":"27","author":"Kalmbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsw048","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw048","article-title":"Genetic basis of chronotype in humans: Insights from three landmark GWAS.","volume":"40","author":"Kalmbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-018-0113-8","article-title":"Chronotype and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"4","author":"Kivel\u00e4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep. Med. Rep"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Interaction between circadian rhythms and stress.","volume":"6","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.57.2.242","article-title":"Discriminant analysis of risk factors for sexual victimization among a national sample of college women.","volume":"57","author":"Koss","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.55.2.162","article-title":"The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students.","volume":"55","author":"Koss","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767760","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.767760","article-title":"Disturbed sleep in PTSD: Thinking beyond nightmares.","volume":"12","author":"Lancel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02177-x","article-title":"Systematic review of the measurement properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales\u201321 by applying updated COSMIN methodology.","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. Life Res."},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS\u201321, DASS-42) [Database record]","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.01.011","article-title":"Quasi-causal associations between chronotype and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: A twin study.","volume":"9","author":"McCall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/102538902900012323","article-title":"The effects of social defeat and other stressors on the expression of circadian rhythms.","volume":"5","author":"Meerlo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.655870","article-title":"Relation of chronotype to sleep complaints in the general Finnish population.","volume":"29","author":"Merikanto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22360","article-title":"Traumatic event exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and sleep disturbances in a national sample of U.S. adults.","volume":"32","author":"Milanak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405277982","article-title":"Nonphotic entrainment in humans?","volume":"20","author":"Mistlberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.01.009","article-title":"The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"25","author":"Mollayeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175109","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1175109","article-title":"Urban environment influences on stress, autonomic reactivity and circadian rhythm: protocol for an ambulatory study of mental health and sleep.","volume":"12","author":"Montanari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.04.028","article-title":"Sex hormones, insomnia, and sleep quality: Subjective sleep in the first year of hormone use in transgender persons.","volume":"107","author":"Morssinkhof","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Moshagen\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Bader\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Package \u2018SemPower\u2019 (Version 2.1.0). CRAN.\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185x.1996.tb01278.x","article-title":"Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on circadian clocks.","volume":"71","author":"Mrosovsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305179","article-title":"A 15-Year population-based investigation of sexual assault cases across the province of ontario.","volume":"109","author":"Muldoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.12.011","article-title":"Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA axis.","volume":"21","author":"Nader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj040","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and childhood sexual abuse.","volume":"31","author":"Noll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0124","article-title":"The interplay between stress, circadian clocks, and energy metabolism.","volume":"247","author":"Oster","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2021.100931","article-title":"The impact of stress and stress hormones on endogenous clocks and circadian rhythms.","volume":"63","author":"Ota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.33069\/cim.2018.0008","article-title":"Chronotype is associated with emotional dysregulation influenced by childhood trauma: A retrospective study.","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002117","article-title":"Nutrition and the circadian system.","volume":"116","author":"Potter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.014","article-title":"Investigation of abbreviated 4 and 8 item versions of the PTSD Checklist 5.","volume":"239","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry. Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.03.026","article-title":"Sleep reactivity as a potential pathway from childhood abuse to adult insomnia","volume":"94","author":"Reffi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.11.002","article-title":"Association between the experience of sexual violence and insomnia in a national sample of French adults.","volume":"101","author":"Reynaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679","article-title":"Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes.","volume":"18","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.005","article-title":"Sleep quality during pregnancy: A meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Sedov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S293","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001600","article-title":"Objective and subjective sleep patterns and biomarkers of stress among women with a history of sexual abuse in childhood.","volume":"16","author":"So","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"145","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and stress","volume-title":"Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space: From Mechanisms to Monitoring and Preventive Strategies","author":"Steinach","year":"2019"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13338","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13338","article-title":"Sexual harassment and assault predict sleep disturbances and is partly mediated by nightmares: Findings from a national survey of all university students in Norway.","volume":"30","author":"Steine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10074","article-title":"Acute sleep interventions as an avenue for treatment of trauma-associated disorders.","volume":"18","author":"Swift","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making sense of cronbach\u2019s alpha.","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Educ"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00120.x","article-title":"Subjective sleepiness and physiological sleep tendency in healthy young morning and evening subjects.","volume":"3","author":"Volk","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181577654","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"18","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.v2i2.2699","article-title":"Pre-sleep arousal and fear of sleep in trauma-related sleep disturbances: A cluster-analytic approach","volume":"2","author":"Werner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Eur."},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Global Status Report On Violence Prevention 2014.","year":"2014"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0748-9","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence rates and overlap of physical.","volume":"45","author":"Ybarra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Sex Behav"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e435","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab014","article-title":"Bright light treatment of combat-related ptsd: A randomized controlled trial.","volume":"187","author":"Youngstedt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22897","article-title":"A placebo-controlled pilot study of a wearable morning bright light treatment for probable PTSD.","volume":"36","author":"Zalta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14116","article-title":"New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation.","volume":"175","author":"Zisapel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1753513\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:55:54Z","timestamp":1790142954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1753513\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1753513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1753513","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1753513"}}