{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:46:41Z","timestamp":1782798401168,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the optimal transmittance settings for discomfort glare filters under ecological outdoor conditions, accounting for individual light sensitivity and varying light conditions. The objective is to guide the personalization of sunglass transmittance to enhance visual comfort in various outdoor environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight participants (18 women and 10 men, aged 18\u201361) were equipped with electrochromic glasses with a visible light transmittance ranging from 80% to 5%. For each participant, preferred transmittance was assessed in three light conditions (facing the sun, back to the sun, and in the shade) using three methods (clearest-to-dark, darkest-to-clear, and manual settings). Individual light sensitivity was quantified using the Eye Resistance Score (ERS) measured by the Lumiz 100\u2122 device. A logistic model was designed to predict the optimal transmittance settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,530 transmittance settings were recorded. Illuminance, method, and light sensitivity (ERS) all significantly contributed to the model predicting optimal transmittance. Less sensitive participants required category 2 filters (43\u201318% transmittance) for high illuminations, while more sensitive participants needed category 4 filters (8\u20133% transmittance) under equivalent light conditions for direct sunlight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personalized filter recommendations based on individual light sensitivity and outdoor conditions can enhance visual comfort. This study highlights the importance of considering individual variability in light sensitivity to optimize discomfort glare protection. Further research in diverse environments and lighting conditions could help refine these recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1755789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:38:08Z","timestamp":1782797888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving filter recommendations: the role of individual light sensitivity in ecological conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Mari\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Foresight, Global Lens Innovation, EssilorLuxottica","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Moger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Foresight, Global Lens Innovation, EssilorLuxottica","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Brasselet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Foresight, Global Lens Innovation, EssilorLuxottica","place":["Paris, France"]},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/00994480.1977.10748959","article-title":"Discomfort glare: concentrated sources\u2014parametric study of angularly small sources","volume":"7","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Illum. Eng. Soc."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00541.x","article-title":"Effect of sport-tinted contact lenses for contrast enhancement on retinal straylight measurements","volume":"28","author":"Cervi\u00f1o","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188270","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1188270","article-title":"Sunglass tint does not impact the indoor catching performance of cricket fielders","volume":"5","author":"Christie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03066.x","article-title":"Sunglasses and sunglass standards","volume":"86","author":"Dain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31819f9aa2","article-title":"Visual performance with sport-tinted contact lenses in natural sunlight","volume":"86","author":"Erickson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000742","article-title":"Review of the global solar UV index 2015 workshop report","volume":"114","author":"Gies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/0301006619844680","article-title":"Making a spectacle of yourself: the effect of glasses and sunglasses on face perception","volume":"48","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/147715354000500101","article-title":"Discomfort glare in lighted streets","volume":"5","author":"Hopkinson","year":"1940","journal-title":"Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3130\/aijax.432.0_21","article-title":"Experimental study on discomfort glare caused by windows: subjective response to glare from a simulated window","volume":"432","author":"Iwata","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Archit. Plann. Environ. Eng. (Trans. AIJ)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_52_17","article-title":"Photokeratitis induced by ultraviolet radiation in travelers: a major health problem","volume":"64","author":"Izadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"A study of Mechanisms for Discomfort Glare","author":"Jia","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153515578310","article-title":"Temporal variables and personal factors in glare sensation","volume":"48","author":"Kent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15963","article-title":"Eye movement and pupil size constriction under discomfort glare","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"221","article-title":"Glare and visibility","volume":"20","author":"Luckiesh","year":"1925","journal-title":"Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198406000-00010","article-title":"Preferred density of sunglasses","volume":"61","author":"Luria","year":"1984","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318194eae7","article-title":"Use of sunglasses in public outdoor recreation settings in Honolulu, Hawaii","volume":"86","author":"Maddock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.01.008","article-title":"Glare\u2019s causes, consequences, and clinical challenges after a century of ophthalmic study","volume":"153","author":"Mainster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics1040347","article-title":"The role of ultraviolet radiation in the ocular system of mammals","volume":"1","author":"Majdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.8.28","article-title":"Evaluation of physiological parameters on discomfort glare thresholds using LUMIZ 100 tool","volume":"10","author":"Mari\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236473","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1236473","article-title":"Examining polarizing and non-polarizing filters for road sports","volume":"5","author":"Mercatelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2020.1837623","article-title":"Performance of a new device for the clinical determination of light discomfort","volume":"17","author":"Mont\u00e9s-Mic\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"448","author":"Osterhaus","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/15502724.2018.1428617","article-title":"Review of factors influencing discomfort glare perception from daylight","volume":"14","author":"Pierson","year":"2018","journal-title":"LEUKOS"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Environmental Vision: Interactions of the Eye, Vision, and the Environment","author":"Pitts","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153515577851","article-title":"Glare and cognitive performance in screen work in the presence of sunlight","volume":"48","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196905000-00005","article-title":"Influence of physiological factors on discomfort glare level","volume":"46","author":"Saur","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Optom. Arch. Am. Acad. Optom."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7406","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6699","article-title":"Macular pigment and visual performance in glare: benefits for photostress recovery, disability glare, and visual discomfort","volume":"52","author":"Stringham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-023-00066-6","article-title":"Impact of face masks and sunglasses on attractiveness, trustworthiness, and familiarity, and limited time effect: a Japanese sample","volume":"3","author":"Takehara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153518772000","article-title":"Subjective and pupil responses to discomfort glare from small, high-luminance light sources","volume":"51","author":"Tyukhova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Evaluating Human Visual Preference and Performance in an Office Environment using Luminance-Based Metrics","author":"Van Den Wymelenberg","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1707733.x","article-title":"Light-induced discomfort and pain in migraine","volume":"17","author":"Vanagaite","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.4.18","article-title":"New methods for quantification of visual photosensitivity threshold and symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Verriotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X10389264","article-title":"Influence of window views on the subjective evaluation of discomfort glare","volume":"20","author":"Yun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1755789\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:38:10Z","timestamp":1782797890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1755789\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1755789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1755789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"1755789"}}