{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:44:21Z","timestamp":1782924261939,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental toughness (MT) is increasingly recognized as a psychological resilience factor that can help individuals to cope with stress more effectively and maintain better mental health. While previous studies suggest that MT buffers the negative effects of stress, it is unclear whether these patterns are consistent across broader adult populations and multiple dimensions of mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This preregistered study examined whether MT moderates the relationship between perceived stress and three indicators of mental health: depressive symptoms, the mental health component of the SF-12 and subjective well-being. Participants were 402 community dwelling adults (aged 34\u201390) taking part in the longitudinal \u2018Gesundheit zum Mitmachen\u2019 project. MT, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, the mental health component, and subjective well-being were assessed using validated self-report instruments. Bivariate correlations and moderated regression analyses performed with Hayes\u2019 PROCESS macro for SPSS were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher levels of MT were associated with lower perceived stress and more favorable mental health outcomes, including fewer depressive symptoms, higher mental health component and higher subjective well-being. Perceived stress was strongly related to poorer mental health across all indicators. MT significantly moderated the relationship between stress and both depressive symptoms and the mental health component. However, the interaction term did not reach significance for subjective well-being, although the descriptive pattern suggested a similar buffering tendency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that MT may be important in understanding individual differences in the association between perceived stress and mental health among community-dwelling adults. The observed pattern of results further supports the notion that the role of MT may vary across different mental health indicators rather than exerting uniform effects across outcomes. This is consistent with the view of MT as a context-dependent resource in stress appraisal and coping processes. Given the cross-sectional study design, the findings should be interpreted as associative rather than causal and require confirmation in longitudinal and experimental research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:46:22Z","timestamp":1782920782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The moderating effect of mental toughness on the relationship between stress and mental health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Dziuba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt","place":["Frankfurt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Ennigkeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt","place":["Frankfurt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Krell-Roesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Englert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt","place":["Frankfurt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Woll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Karlsruhe, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066x.58.1.5","article-title":"Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking","volume":"58","author":"Addis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/11.1.11","article-title":"The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion","volume":"11","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"15","article-title":"Measuring the dimension of psychological general well-being by the WHO-5","volume":"32","author":"Bech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Life Newsl."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812290882","volume-title":"Depression: Causes and Treatment","author":"Beck","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.53.2.83","article-title":"Teststatistische Pr\u00fcfung und Normierung der deutschen Versionen des EUROHIS-QOL Lebensqualit\u00e4t-Index und des WHO-5 Wohlbefindens-Index","volume":"53","author":"Br\u00e4hler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019090","article-title":"Depression, hypomania, and dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions as mediators between stress and insomnia: the best advice is not always found on the pillow!","volume":"17","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress. Manag."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314542816","article-title":"During early and mid-adolescence, greater mental toughness is related to increased sleep quality and quality of life","volume":"21","author":"Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Solutions in Sport Psychology","author":"Clough","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Developing Mental Toughness: Improving Performance, Wellbeing and Positive Behavior in Others","author":"Clough","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/02640411003734085","article-title":"Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: perceptions of players, parents, and coaches","volume":"28","author":"Coulter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.07.005","article-title":"A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: implications for future researchers","volume":"45","author":"Crust","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.07.023","article-title":"The relationship between mental toughness and affect intensity","volume":"47","author":"Crust","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390903049972","article-title":"Mental toughness and athletes\u2019 use of psychological strategies","volume":"10","author":"Crust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.100.1.192-194","article-title":"Relationship between mental toughness and physical endurance","volume":"100","author":"Crust","year":"2005","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01933","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of shortened mental toughness questionnaires (MTQ): factor structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10","volume":"10","author":"Dagnall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056","article-title":"Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life","volume":"54","author":"Diener","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12046","article-title":"From alpha to omega: a practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation","volume":"105","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1026\/2941-7597\/a000044","article-title":"Validation of the German version of the very short mental toughness questionnaire (VS-MTQ-G)","volume":"32","author":"Dziuba","year":"","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2025.102938","article-title":"The effect of stress, mental toughness, and their interaction on athletic and cognitive performance","volume":"80","author":"Dziuba","year":"","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"67e","article-title":"Effekte sportlicher Aktivit\u00e4t auf Selbstwirksamkeits-Erwartung und gesundheit in einer stressreichen Lebenssituation. [effects of physical activity on self-efficacy beliefs and health during stressful life circumstances]","volume":"24","author":"Fuchs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sportwis."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.05.018","article-title":"Effects of stress and mental toughness on burnout and depressive symptoms: a prospective study with young elite athletes","volume":"21","author":"Gerber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.12.003","article-title":"Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: a longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students","volume":"54","author":"Gerber","year":"","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2466\/14.02.PR0.117c29z6","article-title":"The relationship between mental toughness, stress, and burnout among adolescents: a longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students","volume":"117","author":"Gerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2447","article-title":"Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress?","volume":"29","author":"Gerber","year":"","journal-title":"Stress. Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2012.02.004","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness","volume":"5","author":"Gerber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ment. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.50.4.171","article-title":"Screening psychischer St\u00f6rungen mit dem \u201cGesundheitsfragebogen f\u00fcr Patienten (PHQ-D)\u201d: Ergebnisse der deutschen Validierungsstudie [Screening for psychiatric disorders with \u201cthe Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D)\u201d: Results from the German validation study]","volume":"50","author":"Gr\u00e4fe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagn."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.011","article-title":"Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: evidence of moderating and mediating effects","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.010","article-title":"Mental toughness: Progress and prospects","volume":"16","author":"Gucciardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119568124.ch6","volume-title":"Handbook of Sport Psychology","author":"Gucciardi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.006","article-title":"Are mental toughness and mental health contradictory concepts in elite sport? A narrative review of theory and evidence","volume":"20","author":"Gucciardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12079","article-title":"The concept of mental toughness: tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness","volume":"83","author":"Gucciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.34.1.16","article-title":"Beyond optimal performance: mental toughness profiles and developmental success in adolescent cricketers","volume":"34","author":"Gucciardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1037\/str0000106","article-title":"Does mental toughness buffer the relationship between perceived stress, depression, burnout, anxiety, and sleep?","volume":"26","author":"Haghighi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress. Manag."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500131480","article-title":"Stress in elite sport performers: a comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors","volume":"23","author":"Hanton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0115-6","volume-title":"Stress, Culture, and Community: The Psychology and Philosophy of Stress","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.09.009","article-title":"A behavioural genetic study of mental toughness and personality","volume":"46","author":"Horsburgh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200290103509","article-title":"What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.21.2.243","article-title":"A framework of mental toughness in the world\u2019s best performers","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.06.012","article-title":"Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping and coping effectiveness in sport","volume":"47","author":"Kaiseler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3004","article-title":"Evolving the validity of a mental toughness measure: refined versions of the mental toughness Questionnaire-48","volume":"37","author":"Kawabata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress. Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/3090197","article-title":"The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life","volume":"43","author":"Keyes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.1.1","article-title":"Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness","volume":"37","author":"Kobasa","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33267","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","article-title":"Sample size justification","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Stress, Appraisal, and Coping","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3997-7_12","volume-title":"Perspectives in Interactional Psychology","author":"Lazarus","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5923\/j.ijap.20120204.05","article-title":"Cognitive appraisals in sport: the direct and moderating role of mental toughness","volume":"2","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403530","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1403530","article-title":"The dark side of mental toughness: a meta-analysis of the relationship between the dark triad traits and mental toughness","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01345","article-title":"Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167804266101","article-title":"Hardiness: an operationalization of existential courage","volume":"44","author":"Maddi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hum. Psychol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760600619609","article-title":"Hardiness: the courage to grow from stresses","volume":"1","author":"Maddi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.07.002","article-title":"Mental toughness and burnout in junior athletes: a longitudinal investigation","volume":"32","author":"Madigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.01.010","article-title":"Gender differences in stress and coping styles","volume":"37","author":"Matud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"SF-36 Fragebogen zum Gesundheitszustand. Deutsche Version des Short Form-36 Health Survey [SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire. German version of the Short Form-36 Health Status Questionnaire]","author":"Morfeld","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.07.011","article-title":"The applicability of self-regulation theories in sport: goal adjustment capacities, stress appraisals, coping, and well-being among athletes","volume":"27","author":"Nicholls","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2011.12.003","article-title":"A path analysis of stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction among athletes","volume":"13","author":"Nicholls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.11.011","article-title":"Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes","volume":"44","author":"Nicholls","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.02.006","article-title":"Mental toughness in sport: achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences","volume":"47","author":"Nicholls","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109","article-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology: the role of gender","volume":"8","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.04.024","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between narcissism, mental toughness and school achievement","volume":"131","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032698","article-title":"Mental toughness, social support, and athletic identity: moderators of the life stress\u2013injury relationship in collegiate football players","volume":"3","author":"Petrie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport Exerc. Perform. Psychol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00628","article-title":"Stress and coping in esports and the influence of mental toughness","volume":"11","author":"Poulus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139x(93)90196-v","article-title":"Resilience: some conceptual considerations","volume":"14","author":"Rutter","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Ergebnisse des Projekts \u201cGesundheit zum Mitmachen\u201d (GzM) 1992 bis 2021 [Results of the Project \u201cGesundheit zum Mitmachen\u201d (GzM) 1992 to 2021]: Bewegung Trotz(t) Corona [Movement Despite Corona]","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.03.004","article-title":"Measuring stress in clinical and nonclinical subjects using a German adaptation of the perceived stress scale","volume":"20","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159","article-title":"Social safety theory: a biologically based evolutionary perspective on life stress, health, and behavior","volume":"16","author":"Slavich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0129","article-title":"Impact of mental toughness on athlete\u2019s performance and interventions to improve","volume":"34","author":"Soundara Pandian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"SF-12: How to Score the SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scale","author":"Ware","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref75","volume-title":"Mental Toughness for Sport, Business and Life","author":"Weinberg","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-009-9082-y","article-title":"Mental illness and mental health: the two continua model across the lifespan","volume":"17","author":"Westerhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adult Dev."},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01671-w","article-title":"Combining proration and full information maximum likelihood in handling missing data in Likert scale items: a hybrid approach","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768455\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:46:28Z","timestamp":1782920788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768455\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"1768455"}}