{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:06:43Z","timestamp":1789412803482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Based on family systems theory, this study examines the longitudinal dynamic relationship between family functioning and externalizing problems among adolescents from low-income families. Using the Adolescent Family Growth and Recovery Assessment (APGRA) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), 468 adolescents from low-income families were tracked four times over a 2-years period, and the data were analyzed using a latent class scalar model (LCSM). The results showed that: (1) family functioning and externalizing problems among adolescents from low-income families were significantly negatively correlated; family functioning declined significantly over time (\u03bc\n                    <jats:sub>XS<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u221210.45,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01), while externalizing problems increased significantly over time (\u03bc\n                    <jats:sub>\u03b3S<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 9.90,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05); (2) changes in family functioning and externalizing problems exhibited a bidirectional negative temporal association: levels of externalizing problems positively predicted subsequent changes in family functioning (\u03b3\n                    <jats:sub>X\u03b3<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.45,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001), changes in externalizing problems negatively predicted changes in family functioning (\u03be\n                    <jats:sub>X\u03b3<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u22120.37,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01), and changes in family functioning negatively predicted changes in externalizing problems (\u03be\n                    <jats:sub>\u03b3X<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u22120.46,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01), supporting the reciprocal effects model. In summary, there is a reciprocal dynamic relationship between family functioning and externalizing problems among adolescents from low-income families. This study provides longitudinal empirical evidence for the prevention and intervention of problem behaviors in this population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1768618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:34:56Z","timestamp":1777005296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The dynamic association between family functioning and externalizing problems in adolescents from low-income families: a latent change score model study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhugui","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hengyang Normal University","place":["Hengyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ShiWei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hengyang Normal University","place":["Hengyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhiHua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology","place":["Xiangtan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Effect of drug abuse on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nigeria.","volume":"3","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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