{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T06:54:21Z","timestamp":1774853661737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudo-haptic sensations are illusory haptic experiences induced by manipulating the visual feedback of object movements. Previous studies have suggested that such sensations arise from prediction errors generated by a forward model, defined as the discrepancy between predicted and actual outcomes. In contrast, other studies propose that pseudo-haptic sensations emerge from a simple statistical relationship between weight and movement speed (e.g., heavier objects move more slowly), with prediction errors being only a by-product. In the present study, we further investigated the mechanisms underlying pseudo-haptic sensations by separating spatial prediction errors from movement speed. Participants moved a cursor along a sine-wave-shaped pathway using a mouse. The cursor's movement direction was generated by combining participants' real-time mouse movements with pre-recorded movements from another individual, producing three levels of control. The cursor's movement speed remained proportional to the mouse movement. On the other hand, when the cursor entered a central painted zone on the screen, its speed was reduced by three different ratios while remaining proportional to the mouse movement. Participants rated their sense of resistance in the hand and their sense of agency over the cursor's movement. A linear mixed-effects model analysis, with spatial prediction error and the time required to reach the end of the pathway as fixed effects and participant as a random effect, showed that both spatial prediction error and effective movement speed (indexed by trial completion time) significantly contributed to the sense of resistance. Taken together, these findings suggest that both prediction errors and object movement speed contribute to pseudo-haptic sensations, likely through different processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1774826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:27:17Z","timestamp":1774848437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of prediction errors and movement speed on pseudo-haptic sensations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Suzuishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University","place":["Niiza-shi, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shusaku","family":"Shinada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University","place":["Niiza-shi, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Acer Yu-Chan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University","place":["Niiza-shi, Japan"]},{"name":"Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University","place":["Niiza-shi, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3422.001.0001","volume-title":"The Handbook of Multisensory Processes","author":"Calvert","year":"2004"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-025-10542-x","article-title":"Bayesian integration in sense of agency: understanding self-attribution and individual differences","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cognit. Comput."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2005.1492749","article-title":"\u201cInfluence of control\/display ratio on the perception of mass of manipulated objects in virtual environments,\u201d","volume-title":"IEEE Proceedings. VR 2005. Virtual Reality","author":"Dominjon","year":"2005"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Erdfelder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.02.002","article-title":"Merging the senses into a robust percept","volume":"8","author":"Ernst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00760","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00760","article-title":"Imposed visual feedback delay of an action changes mass perception based on the sensory prediction error","volume":"4","author":"Honda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"JASP (Version 0.95.3)[Computer software]\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652781","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.652781","article-title":"Sense of resistance for a cursor moved by user's keystrokes","volume":"12","author":"Kawabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985723","article-title":"\u201cFeeling bumps and holes without a haptic interface: the perception of pseudo-haptic textures,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u2014(CHI'04)","author":"L\u00e9cuyer","year":"2004"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2000.840369","article-title":"\u201cPseudo-haptic feedback: can isometric input devices simulate force feedback?\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings\u2014Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium","author":"Lecuyer","year":"2000"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1670671.1670674","article-title":"Perception of mechanically and optically simulated bumps and holes","volume":"7","author":"Mensvoort","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017","article-title":"Psychopy-psychophysics software in python","volume":"162","author":"Peirce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.11.010.2008","article-title":"Generating stimuli for neuroscience using psychopy","volume":"2","author":"Peirce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"Psychopy2: experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300550","article-title":"\u201cPseudo-haptic weight: changing the perceived weight of virtual objects by manipulating control-display ratio,\u201d","volume-title":"Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u2014Proceedings","author":"Samad","year":"2019"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00241-5","article-title":"Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and interactions","volume":"11","author":"Shimojo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8466.001.0001","volume-title":"The New Handbook of Multisensory Processing","author":"Stein","year":"2012"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS.2014.6775451","article-title":"\u201cControlling fatigue while lifting objects using Pseudo-haptics in a mixed reality space,\u201d","volume-title":"2014 IEEE Haptics Symposium (HAPTICS)","author":"Taima","year":"2014"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150864","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0864","article-title":"What you feel is what you see: inverse dynamics estimation underlies the resistive sensation of a delayed cursor","volume":"282","author":"Takamuku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2021.3077619","article-title":"Survey of pseudo-haptics: haptic feedback design and application proposals","volume":"14","author":"Ujitoko","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2019.8816100","article-title":"\u201cPresenting Static Friction Sensation at Stick-slip Transition using Pseudo-haptic Effect,\u201d","author":"Ujitoko","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 IEEE World Haptics Conference WHC"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","article-title":"Pingouin: statistics in python","volume":"3","author":"Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.019","article-title":"Enhanced perceptual processing of self-generated motion: evidence from steady-state visual evoked potentials","volume":"175","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01226","article-title":"Control changes the way we look at the world","volume":"30","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104074","article-title":"Prediction error and regularity detection underlie two dissociable mechanisms for computing the sense of agency","volume":"195","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0258-20.2020","article-title":"Categorical perception of control","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.06.004","article-title":"The influence of action-outcome delay and arousal on sense of agency and the intentional binding","volume":"36","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761697","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.761697","article-title":"Delay and speed of visual feedback of a keystroke cause illusory heaviness and stiffness","volume":"16","author":"Yokosaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1774826\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:27:20Z","timestamp":1774848440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1774826\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1774826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1774826","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"article-number":"1774826"}}