{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:04:13Z","timestamp":1780639453726,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over the past three decades, music has been increasingly incorporated into stroke motor rehabilitation; however, the term\n                      <jats:italic>music-based intervention<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been applied inconsistently. Interventions range from simple rhythmic cues to complex interactive activities, yet these distinctions are often insufficiently described to allow meaningful comparison across studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review examined how music and sound have been conceptualized and applied in stroke motor rehabilitation research published between 1993 and 2023. Ninety-seven studies were identified through major databases. Data were extracted on definitions of music and sound, auditory stimulus characteristics, delivery methods, and provider expertise, followed by numerical and thematic analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial heterogeneity was found in how musical elements and auditory designs were reported, with many studies lacking essential information on stimulus structure. Comparative analysis identified three overarching approaches: (1) stimulus-based methods targeting movement timing, (2) task-based methods involving rhythmic or instrumental performance, and (3) process-based methods emphasizing relational and interactive engagement. These approaches were positioned along a continuum ranging from mechanically oriented to relationship-centered interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight persistent conceptual ambiguity between music and sound and underscore the need for clearer and more systematic reporting of musical parameters. Conceptualizing music as a multidimensional therapeutic component may support stronger integration of neuroscientific and clinical perspectives when explaining mechanisms of stroke motor recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1774971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:37:02Z","timestamp":1780637822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reconsidering music in stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review from auditory stimulus to relational process"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soo Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Music Therapy Education, Graduate School of Education, Ewha Womans University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bumsuk","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Music, Graduate School, Hansei University","place":["Gunpo, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunjung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Professional Therapy, Gachon University","place":["Seongnam, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyurim","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Music and Medicine, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heejin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Music Therapy, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoo Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Music Therapy, Graduate School, Ewha Womans University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":""},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-28","article-title":"Design of a complex virtual reality simulation to train finger motion for persons with hemiparesis: a proof of concept study","volume":"6","author":"Adamovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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