{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:12:08Z","timestamp":1779340328697,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beyond motor symptoms, Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects cognition and social cognition. This is already evident in cognitively intact PD, but is especially prominent in those with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). The impact of processing modality (verbal vs. non-verbal) remains unclear. We examined differences across verbal and non-verbal components of cognition and Theory of Mind (ToM) in subjects with PD or PD-MCI compared to healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-seven participants (HC\u202f=\u202f26; PD\u202f=\u202f28; PD-MCI\u202f=\u202f23) completed a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess verbal and non-verbal cognition, verbal and non-verbal ToM. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics and multinomial logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both PD groups showed statistically significant impairments compared to HC, with more pronounced deficits in PD-MCI. Verbal cognition was reduced in both PD groups (HC\u202f=\u202f3.55\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.59; PD\u202f=\u202f2.76\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.95; PD-MCI\u202f=\u202f2.73\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.95; \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f27.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.34), while non-verbal cognition was only affected in PD-MCI (HC\u202f=\u202f3.54\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.92; PD-MCI\u202f=\u202f2.59\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.40; \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f16.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.19). Verbal ToM was selectively impaired in PD-MCI (HC\u202f=\u202f6.27\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.00; PD-MCI\u202f=\u202f4.94\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.95; \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f9.07,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.01, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.10), while non-verbal ToM was substantially preserved (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.33). The regression analysis confirmed that lower scores in verbal and non-verbal cognition were associated with a higher likelihood of PD-MCI classification.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pattern emerging from our findings is consistent with a framework in which domain-specific vulnerabilities are primary, while modality may influence performance in interaction with task complexity and executive demand. This 2\u202f\u00d7\u202f2 framework (domain X modality) refines our understanding of cognitive decline in PD and underscores the need for domain- and modality-sensitive assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1775416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:51:53Z","timestamp":1779339113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Domain-driven verbal and non-verbal dissociations in cognition and social cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Bottiroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Mondino Foundation","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cangelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Lecce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bernini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Mondino Foundation","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Avenali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Mondino Foundation","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Tassorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Mondino Foundation","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Vecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Mondino Foundation","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-011-0203-1","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Aarsland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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