{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:18:57Z","timestamp":1776899937886,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intercepting fast-moving objects, such as during baseball batting, requires the seamless integration of visual perception and motor execution under severe temporal constraints. Although the critical role of visual information in visuomotor coordination is well established, it remains unclear how predictive and prospective control interact when certain phases of visual input are unavailable. This study aimed to elucidate their distinct contributions by examining visuomotor coupling under selectively occluded early and\/or late visual information during a time-constrained interception task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen skilled collegiate baseball players performed a computerized touchscreen interception task, intercepting a fast-moving stimulus (0.5, 0.67, and 1.0\u202fm\/s) at a target area. Stimulus visibility was manipulated across four occlusion conditions (full vision, early occlusion, late occlusion, and both occlusions). Eye and hand movements were recorded simultaneously to analyze gaze behavior, motor performance, and spatiotemporal coupling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All temporal variables shortened as stimulus velocity increased. Under partial occlusion, participants employed distinct compensatory strategies: early occlusion accelerated movement initiation, whereas late occlusion adjusted completion timing. Hand timing error remained unaffected by occlusion, suggesting regulation by an internal timing model independent of immediate visual availability. In contrast, spatial accuracy (radial and spatial coupling errors) markedly declined when early predictive information was unavailable, particularly under both occlusions condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that successful interception depends on dual control mechanisms\u2014temporal efficiency maintained through flexible compensation and spatial accuracy governed by predictive planning based on early visual information. The concurrent loss of predictive and prospective control critically impairs spatial integration, underscoring the necessity of integrated feedforward-feedback coordination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1775889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:54:38Z","timestamp":1772693678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictive and prospective control strategies of elite batters during interception tasks: coupling of perception and action"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dukchan","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University","place":["Daegu, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775478","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.775478","article-title":"Spatial accuracy of predictive saccades determines the performance of continuous visuomotor action","volume":"3","author":"Aoyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0671-8","article-title":"Lateral ball interception: hand movements during linear ball trajectories","volume":"177","author":"Arzamarski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.04.001","article-title":"Prospective strategies underlie the control of interceptive actions","volume":"25","author":"Bastin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1343","article-title":"Modelling the control of interceptive actions","volume":"358","author":"Beek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.16.1.21","article-title":"Timing an attacking forehand drive in table tennis","volume":"16","author":"Bootsma","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/15.3.8","article-title":"How people achieve their amazing temporal precision in interception","volume":"15","author":"Brenner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2009.10.004","article-title":"Visual strategies of sub-elite cricket batsmen in response to different ball velocities","volume":"29","author":"Croft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interceptive actions in sport: theoretical perspectives and practical applications","volume-title":"Interceptive actions in sport: information and movement","author":"Davids","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00270.2021","article-title":"Eye-hand coordination during online reach corrections is task dependent","volume":"127","author":"de Brouwer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929053467604","article-title":"How position, velocity and temporal information combine in the prospective control of catching: data and model","volume":"17","author":"Dessing","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/19.9.10","article-title":"Prediction in goal-directed action","volume":"19","author":"Fiehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/19.2.5","article-title":"Decoding go\/no-go decisions from eye movements","volume":"19","author":"Fooken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.0006","article-title":"Computational mechanisms of sensorimotor control","volume":"72","author":"Franklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2979-2","article-title":"Predictive eye movements in natural vision","volume":"217","author":"Hayhoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2004.11008000","article-title":"Psychology has to deal with efferences too","volume":"36","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Eye tracking: a comprehensive guide to methods and measures","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.22.2.167","article-title":"Expertise differences in cortical activation and gaze behavior during rifle shooting","volume":"22","author":"Janelle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00003","article-title":"Eye and head movements of elite baseball players in real batting","volume":"2","author":"Kishita","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00064","article-title":"Temporally coupled coordination of eye and body movements in baseball batting for a wide range of ball speeds","volume":"2","author":"Kishita","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0105","article-title":"The knowledge base of the oculomotor system. Philos","volume":"352","author":"Land","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/81887","article-title":"From eye movements to action: how batsmen hit the ball","volume":"3","author":"Land","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"250","article-title":"Visual information during locomotion","volume-title":"Perception: essays in honor of James J. Gison","author":"Lee","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058289","article-title":"The head tracks and gaze predicts: how the world\u2019s best batters hit a ball","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7211","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16628","article-title":"A continuum from predictive to online feedback in visuomotor interception","volume":"60","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0308642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308642","article-title":"Visuomotor predictors of interception","volume":"19","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240606","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.240606","article-title":"Pupillary responses to directional uncertainty while intercepting a moving target","volume":"11","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-025-00377-4","article-title":"Dissociable sensory, motor, and visuomotor predictive functions","volume":"10","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Learn."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2004.9671746","article-title":"Cognitive control in motor expertise","volume":"2","author":"McPherson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00035-4","article-title":"Forward models for physiological motor control","volume":"9","author":"Miall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"127","article-title":"Prospective control in sport","volume":"36","author":"Montagne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050939","article-title":"Movement reversals in ball catching","volume":"129","author":"Montagne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2046-07.2007","article-title":"Target interception: hand-eye coordination and strategies","volume":"27","author":"Mrotek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.03.029","article-title":"Batting with occluded vision: an in situ examination of the information pick-up and interceptive skills of high- and low-skilled cricket batsmen","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.188","article-title":"An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data","volume":"42","author":"Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1156160","article-title":"Quiet eye predicts goaltender success in deflected ice hockey shots","volume":"17","author":"Panchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/026404197366985","article-title":"Visual factors in hitting and catching","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2011.629207","article-title":"Biomechanics and visual-motor control: how it has, is, and will be used to reveal the secrets of hitting a cricket ball","volume":"10","author":"Sarpeshkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229019","article-title":"The role of predictive visual temporal information in the coordination of muscle activity in catching","volume":"89","author":"Savelsbergh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167147","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1671475","article-title":"Differences in predictive and prospective control strategies by batting skill level during an interception task","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526153","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1526153","article-title":"Perception-action coupling during discriminative interceptive actions","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2020.0019","article-title":"The cerebro-cerebellum as locus of forward model: a review","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512520905435","article-title":"Baseball players\u2019 eye movements and higher coincident-timing task performance","volume":"127","author":"Tochikura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(99)01352-2","article-title":"Visually timed action: time-out for \u2018tau\u2019?","volume":"3","author":"Tresilian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.01.047","article-title":"Entrainment of visuomotor responses to target speed during interception","volume":"568","author":"Trevi\u00f1o","year":"","journal-title":"Neurosci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00067.2025","article-title":"Predictive fixations to target bounces in an interception task","volume":"134","author":"Trevi\u00f1o","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1123\/kr.2016-0005","article-title":"The quiet eye: origins, controversies, and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Vickers","year":"","journal-title":"Kinesiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.22.2.342","article-title":"Visual control when aiming at a far target","volume":"22","author":"Vickers","year":"","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Perception, cognition, and decision training: the quiet eye in action","author":"Vickers","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1123\/ijgs.1.1.2","article-title":"Neuroscience of the quiet eye in golf putting","volume":"1","author":"Vickers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Golf Sci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.39.5","article-title":"Performing under pressure: the effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety, and gaze control in biathlon","volume":"39","author":"Vickers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1775889\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:54:40Z","timestamp":1772693680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1775889\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1775889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1775889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"article-number":"1775889"}}