{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:06:24Z","timestamp":1774940784158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semantic priming typically facilitates lexical access; however, this facilitation may reverse into inhibition under certain interferences, such as embodied conflicts in Second Language (L2) processing. For adult L2 learners, automatic literal sensorimotor simulations may disrupt metaphorical integration, potentially inducing inhibitory reversal in conventional action metaphors [e.g., Chinese \u201c\u5403\u4e8f \u201c(ch\u012b ku\u012b, literally \u201ceat loss,\u201d figuratively \u201csuffer the loss\u201d)]\u2014a key gap in bilingual cognition. This study examines this reversal in L2 Chinese metaphor processing versus L1. Forty-three Vietnamese-speaking L2 learners of Chinese (HSK 5\u20136) and forty-seven first-language (L1) Chinese speakers completed a delayed-response semantic plausibility judgment task with morpheme-mediated semantic priming. Targets\u2014literal, conventional metaphorical, and unrelated verb-object (VO) constructions\u2014were each preceded by their identical verb morpheme (e.g., \u201c\u5403\u201d primes \u201c\u5403\u4e8f\u201d). Mixed-effects models revealed an opposite directional reversal in L2 learners: facilitation in literal versus unrelated baseline (shorter reaction times [RTs]; reduced errors) but inhibition in metaphorical versus unrelated baseline (elevated errors; nonsignificant RTs). In contrast to L2\u2019s reversal pattern, L1 Chinese speakers exhibited uniform dual inhibition across literal and metaphorical conditions (elevated errors; nonsignificant RTs), with a significant Group \u00d7 Condition interaction. This study reveals an L2-specific reversal of priming in action metaphors (literal facilitation vs. metaphorical inhibition, primarily evident in error rates), originating from a dynamic mismatch between embodied simulations and semantic integration, a process potentially involving increased inhibitory control demands, while remaining consistent with broader processing costs at the behavioral level. These findings offer insights into the double-edged role of L2 embodiment in language processing -- helping Literal while hurting Metaphorical, providing implications for theories of embodied cognition and bilingualism and also informing practical pedagogy in L2 acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1778678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:34:21Z","timestamp":1774935261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibitory reversal of morpheme-mediated semantic priming in L2 Chinese: embodiment conflicts in conventional action metaphor processing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Language and Literature, Qufu Normal University","place":["Qufu, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cognitive Science of Language, Beijing Language and Culture University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Language and Literature, Qufu Normal University","place":["Qufu, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr287","article-title":"Bilingualism Tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Abutalebi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. 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