{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T01:30:14Z","timestamp":1777771814646,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25SKGH070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25SKGH070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["yjg250106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["yjg250106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reveal the effects of a developed \u201cfun games + creative jump rope + creative running\u201d exercise intervention program on the executive functions of elementary school students with Chinese language learning difficulties and their peers without such difficulties, revealing the causal relationship between exercise and executive function in elementary school students and its temporal characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-four students with Chinese language learning difficulties and 48 typically developing students were selected based on established criteria. The experimental group underwent a 10-week intervention using the developed \u201cfun games + creative jump rope + creative running\u201d program during physical education classes. Changes in executive function were assessed before the intervention, after 5 weeks, and after 10 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) The study found that the 10-week exercise intervention significantly impacted the executive function of both students with Chinese language learning difficulties and their typically developing peers. (2) The executive function levels of both groups after the 10-week intervention were higher than those after the 5-week intervention and higher than pre-intervention levels. (3) The improvement in executive function among students with Chinese language learning difficulties was greater than that among their typically developing peers following the 10-week intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed \u201cfun games + fancy jump rope + fancy running\u201d exercise intervention program positively impacts the executive function of both students with Chinese language learning difficulties and their typically developing peers. The improvement effect becomes more pronounced with increased intervention duration, and the experimental group of students with Chinese language learning difficulties demonstrated greater improvement in executive function than their typically developing counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1790230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:54:35Z","timestamp":1777481675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A follow-up study on the effect of exercise intervention on the executive functions of typical primary students and language learning difficulties"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Health Science, Chongqing Normal University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Health Science, Chongqing Normal University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinglun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Health Science, Chongqing Normal University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Health Science, Chongqing Normal University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education and Health Science, Chongqing Normal University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.13297\/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2014.04.015","article-title":"Effects of short-term basketball dribbling training of different intensities on executive function of primary school students.","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Univ. Sport"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Exercise, Children\u2019s Executive Function, and Brain Plasticity.","author":"Chen","year":"2011"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Development and Practice of Physical Activity Programs for Enhancing Children\u2019s Executive Function.","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Effects of acute aerobic exercise of different intensities on executive function.","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2009.09.006","article-title":"The effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive function during development.","volume":"11","author":"Ellemberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-0102(00)00224-8","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex.","volume":"39","author":"Funahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"33","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors.","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.16719\/j.cnki.1671-6981.2008.04.056","article-title":"The development of executive function of students of different academic achievement types.","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"282","article-title":"Analysis of working memory characteristics of children with learning difficulties","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.16469\/j.css.2005.11.009","article-title":"Effect of exercise on the velocity of cerebral blood flow in the middle artery under acute hypoxia exposure","volume":"25","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sports Sci."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"241","article-title":"Research advances in brain-derived neurotrophic factor.","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"81","article-title":"Study on the cognitive processing mechanisms of children with mathematical learning difficulties.","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Norm. Univ."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Research on Working Memory in Children with Chinese Developmental Dyslexia and Evaluation of Intervention Effect.","author":"Luo","year":"2012"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Diagnosis of Preschool Children\u2019s Mathematical Learning Difficulties.","author":"Lyu","year":"2013"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors.","volume":"34","author":"Shen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept.","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"568","article-title":"The concept of cognitive reserve: A catalyst for research.","volume":"21","author":"Stern","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.30.5.497","article-title":"Task switching in overweight children: Effects of acute exercise and age.","volume":"30","author":"Tomporowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"661","article-title":"Central executive function of students with learning difficulties in the second grade of junior high school.","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2008.01.020","article-title":"Working memory and processing speed of children with language learning difficulties.","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Research on Executive Function of Students with Learning Difficulties.","author":"Wang","year":"2007"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"108","article-title":"Advances in research on exercise and cerebral blood flow.","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zhanjiang Norm. Univ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.16469\/j.css.2014.03.001","article-title":"Follow-up study on the effects of two exercise intervention programs on executive function in primary school students.","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Sci."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"113","article-title":"Standardization research on Raven\u2019s standard progressive matrices in China.","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1790230\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1777481682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1790230\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1790230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1790230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"article-number":"1790230"}}