{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:04:57Z","timestamp":1784613897532,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the diachronic metaphorical organization of the Chinese residential naming construction [X\u202f+\u202fLi] from 1970 to 2019 from a linguistic landscape and cognitive-semantic perspective. Using a corpus of officially registered residential names from Tianjin collected from Anjuke, a major Chinese online real-estate listing platform, the study analyzes 1,672 [X\u202f+\u202fLi] instances and 228 [X\u202f+\u202fYuan] instances. Metaphor types in the modifier X were annotated and inter-annotator reliability was assessed on stratified subsets of both corpora. The annotated data identify eight metaphor types grouped into four cognitive domains. Frequency profiling shows that state metaphors constitute the largest type within [X\u202f+\u202fLi], while residual analysis shows that the strongest contrast between [X\u202f+\u202fLi] and [X\u202f+\u202fYuan] lies in the marked overrepresentation of category metaphors in [X\u202f+\u202fYuan]. To visualize diachronic similarity among metaphor types, multidimensional scaling (MDS) is applied to decade-level proportional profiles. The MDS configuration shows that state metaphors have a distinctive diachronic proportional pattern, remaining highly recurrent across the five decade-based periods rather than reflecting a period-specific fluctuation. Overall, the findings support an interpretation of [X\u202f+\u202fLi] as a conventionalized spatial-metaphorical naming pattern grounded in a container schema, through which abstract states are regularly associated with bounded residential space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:34:45Z","timestamp":1784612085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Container metaphor and the cognitive conventionalization of residential naming: a diachronic corpus study of the [X\u202f+\u202fLi] construction in Chinese"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Tianjin University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00555.x","article-title":"Cognitive and neural contributions to understanding the conceptual system","volume":"17","author":"Barsalou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703060","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1703060","article-title":"Editorial: highlights in cultural psychology: language","volume":"16","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351034708-5","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics","author":"Boas","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/1554480X.2015.1029481","article-title":"Word on the street: investigating linguistic landscapes with urban Canadian youth","volume":"10","author":"Burwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pedagogies"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119839859.ch1","volume-title":"The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics","author":"Bybee","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1558\/jmtp.21812","article-title":"Pedagogical translanguaging in content and language integrated learning","volume":"3","author":"Cenoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Multiling. Theor. Pract."},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"85","article-title":"A comparison of \u2018Li,\u2019 \u2018Li,\u2019 and \u2018Li\u2019: with a supplementary discussion on their usage in Japanese","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hanzi Wenhua"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1257\/mac.20140234","article-title":"The great housing boom of China","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Econ. J. Macroeconomics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198299554.001.0001","volume-title":"Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective","author":"Croft","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Figurative Language","author":"Dancygier","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479825","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1479825","article-title":"Embodiment and simulated interaction in online stance expression","volume":"15","author":"Dancygier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13206","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13206","article-title":"Behavioral signatures of memory resources for language: looking beyond the lexicon\/grammar divide","volume":"46","author":"Divjak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118346136.ch7","volume-title":"The Handbook of Language Emergence","author":"Ellis","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.105023","article-title":"Land finance dependence and urban land marketization in China: the perspective of strategic choice of local governments on land transfer","volume":"99","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Emerging Grammar: A Study Based on Chinese Spoken and Written Language","author":"Fang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind\u2019s Hidden Complexities","author":"Fauconnier","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"59","article-title":"The cognitive analysis of \u2018X Shang\u2019 and \u2018X Li\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Ge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Coll. Chin. Lang. Cult. Jinan Univ."},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure","author":"Goldberg","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language","author":"Goldberg","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2022.101868","article-title":"Land finance in China: analysis and review","volume":"76","author":"Gyourko","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/cogl.2005.16.1.81","article-title":"When down is not bad, and up not good enough: a usage-based assessment of the plus-minus parameter in image-schema theory","volume":"16","author":"Hampe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Linguist."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5617\/osla.313","article-title":"Place names and identities","volume":"4","author":"Helleland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oslo Stud. Lang."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004446793","volume-title":"Ten Lectures on Diachronic Construction Grammar","author":"Hilpert","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.27.6.507","article-title":"Collectivism, political control and gating in Chinese cities","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.03.002","article-title":"On \u2018land finance\u2019 in urban China: theory and practice","volume":"75","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980220099041","article-title":"Housing tenure choice in transitional urban China: a multilevel analysis","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226177847.001.0001","volume-title":"The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason","author":"Johnson","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/14790718.2022.2096890","article-title":"Multilingual linguistic landscape of Cyprus","volume":"21","author":"Karpava","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiling."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110894677.79","article-title":"The scope of metaphor","author":"K\u00f6vecses","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190224868.001.0001","volume-title":"Where Metaphors Come From: Reconsidering Context in Metaphor","author":"K\u00f6vecses","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226471013.001.0001","volume-title":"Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind","author":"Lakoff","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Metaphors We Live By","author":"Lakoff","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X970161002","article-title":"Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: an empirical study","volume":"16","author":"Landry","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lang. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"The Production of Space","author":"Lefebvre","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"A Compendium of Interpretations of Ancient Chinese Script","author":"Li","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"The Value of Shanghai\u2019s Lilong Neighborhoods","author":"Li","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Maritime Space: The Modernity of Residential Cities in the Late Qing Dynasty","author":"Liang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"800 Words of Modern Chinese","author":"L\u00fc","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"50","article-title":"The cognitive semantic basis of the locative words Li and Wai and teaching Chinese as a foreign language","volume":"3","author":"L\u00fc","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Yunnan Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1075\/cf.6.2.06per","article-title":"Constructional tolerance: cross-linguistic differences in the acceptability of non-conventional uses of constructions","volume":"6","author":"Perek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Construct. Fram."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/00420989650011690","article-title":"The process of commercialisation of urban housing in China","volume":"33","author":"Ping Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203876206","volume-title":"Gated Communities in China: Class, Privilege and the Moral Politics of the Good Life","author":"Pow","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Place and Placelessness","author":"Relph","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198814771.001.0001","volume-title":"The Dynamics of the Linguistic System: Usage, Conventionalization, and Entrenchment","author":"Schmid","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203930960-30","volume-title":"Linguistic Landscape","author":"Shohamy","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"37","article-title":"A sociolinguistic analysis of real estate naming","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contemp. Rhetoric"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience","author":"Tuan","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20202019","DOI":"10.1515\/cogsem-2020-2019","article-title":"Constructions and creativity","volume":"13","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Semiot."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486517","volume-title":"The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning, and Cognition","author":"Tyler","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"34","article-title":"An etymological study of the locative word \u2018Li.\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ancient Chin. Stud."},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Morphological Research on the Alley Spaces in the New-Type Lilong Housing, Tianjin, China","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1068\/b12926","article-title":"The global spread of gated communities","volume":"29","author":"Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1075\/cogls.00132.yan","article-title":"Cultural cognition and cultural identity: evidence from linguistic landscape in internet-famous attractions","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognitive Linguistic Studies"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"43","article-title":"Taking the body as a near reference and objects as a distant one: tracing the origins of length units","volume":"6","author":"Zhan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. East China Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"The Everlasting Lilong","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04236-2","article-title":"Agency and structure in the linguistic landscape of communities in Beijing, China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794229\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:34:52Z","timestamp":1784612092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794229\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"article-number":"1794229"}}