{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1790313698160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In high-intensity sports such as basketball, psychological factors significantly influence performance. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) show potential for reducing anxiety, depression, and mental fatigue while enhancing attention, resilience, and basketball technical skills. However, few studies have compared the effects of MBI between elite athletes and recreational players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research examined the effects of an 8-week Mindfulness Acceptance Insight Commitment (MAIC) intervention on psychological performance and technical skills among elite basketball athletes and collegiate recreational players, while investigating skill level as a moderator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty seven participants (24 elite athletes, 43 recreational players) were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. The MAIC program consisted of two 60-min sessions per week. Psychological measures included the State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Schultz Attention Test (SAT), and Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Basketball skill assessments comprised the Speed and Accurate Shooting Test, Obstacle Dribbling Test, Defensive Sliding Test, Lay-up Test, and No-Ball Maneuver Running. Assessments were conducted pre- and post-intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty three participants completed the study. Elite athletes showed significant improvements in STAI, CD-RISC, and Obstacle dribbling test performance post-MAIC, with a trend toward benefit in the SAT. Recreational players demonstrated broader benefits, including improvements in Speed and Accurate Shooting Test, Lay-up Test, STAI, SAT, and CD-RISC. ANOVA revealed that, controlling for baseline measures, recreational basketball players demonstrated greater benefits than elite athletes in shooting, dribbling, anxiety, and depression, indicating a skill-level moderating effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MAIC enhances psychological and technical performance differentially: elite athletes primarily benefit in targeted psychological domains, while recreational players experience more comprehensive psychological and skill-related effects. These findings support personalized mindfulness interventions in basketball, enriching sports psychology theory and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:53:55Z","timestamp":1776837235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancing psychological performance and basketball skills: a comparative study of elite athletes and college recreational players after an 8-week mindfulness intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qi-Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University","place":["WuHu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Qi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University","place":["WuHu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Physiological and technical characteristics of elite young basketball players","volume":"44","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840701836875","article-title":"Beyond the playing field: sport psychology meets embodied cognition","volume":"1","author":"Beilock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.1949742","article-title":"Mindfulness to performance enhancement: a systematic review of neural correlates","volume":"17","author":"Bondar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Heidelberger Basketball Test: HBT","author":"B\u00f6s","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"944","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness training on mental Health in Chinese elite badminton players: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0752-9","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness practice on performance-relevant parameters and performance outcomes in sports: a meta-analytical review","volume":"47","author":"B\u00fchlmayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306815","article-title":"Effects of brief mindfulness intervention on mental fatigue and recovery in basketball tactical performance","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.32069\/PJ.2021.2.258","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction to enhance flow and performance during basketball ending season: a pilot protocol","volume":"7","author":"Cioffi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phenomena Journal"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","article-title":"Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)","volume":"18","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.854547","article-title":"The development of a short Chinese version of the state-trait anxiety inventory","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.16038\/j.1000-6710.2015.12.006","article-title":"Effect of mindfulness training intervention for synchronized swimmers","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chin. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1226","article-title":"Embodied cognition","volume":"4","author":"Foglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826103369","volume-title":"The Psychology of Enhancing human Performance: The Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) Approach","author":"Gardner","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Physical Fitness: A Way of Life","author":"Getchell","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102157","article-title":"An integrated mindfulness and acceptance-based program for young elite female basketball players: exploratory study of how it works and for whom it works best","volume":"60","author":"Goisbault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Basketball for Boys and Girls: Skills test Manual","author":"Hopkins","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2023.100725","article-title":"Effect of yoga and mindfulness on psychological correlates in young athletes: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kanaujia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.3.4.334","article-title":"Evaluation of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE): a new approach to promote flow in athletes","volume":"3","author":"Kaufman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic review of the impact of mindfulness on the quality of life and psychological performance of national athletes","volume":"25","author":"Khoeini","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2021.02.003","article-title":"Performance enhancement through meditation in athletes: insights from a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Explore"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apunsm.2023.100428","article-title":"Mindfulness traits as potential inhibitor of irrational performance beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty amongst elite female basketball players","volume":"58","author":"Koop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Apunts Med. Esport."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.13479\/j.cnki.jip.2017.01.003","article-title":"Application of PHQ-2-C, CES-D, and BDI-II-C in screening adolescent depressive disorders [in Chinese]","volume":"44","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589786","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1589786","article-title":"Intervention research on cultivating psychological resilience in adolescent athletes: an empirical analysis based on mindfulness training","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2471","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2471","article-title":"Attention mechanisms underlying dual-color digital visual search based on Schulte grid: an event-related potential study","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921419","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.921419","article-title":"The relationship between resilience, anxiety, and depression in Chinese collegiate athletes","volume":"13","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2017.1387803","article-title":"Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Noetel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2016-0130","article-title":"Efficacy of a brief mindfulness intervention to prevent athletic task performance deterioration: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2023.2180070","article-title":"Effectiveness of the mindfulness\u2013acceptance\u2013commitment approach: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Pt\u00e1\u010dek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01931-z","article-title":"Effects of psychological interventions to enhance athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Reinebo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375608","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1375608","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the intervention effect of mindfulness training on athletes\u2019 performance","volume":"15","author":"Si","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.16038\/j.1000-6710.2014.01.012","article-title":"Ideological origins and content design of a mindfulness training program for Chinese athletes [in Chinese]","volume":"33","author":"Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101493","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on physical symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"State-trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13100334","article-title":"Mental resilience and mindfulness in athletes: a preliminary study across sports and experience levels","volume":"13","author":"Stoyanova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2018.1557772","article-title":"Mindfulness and acceptance-based training for Chinese athletes: the mindfulness-acceptance-insight-commitment (MAIC) program","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Psychol. Action"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1232929","article-title":"Association of mindfulness on state-trait anxiety in choking-susceptible athletes: mediating roles of resilience and perceived stress","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Mindfulness Interventions\u2019 Impact on Athlete Emotional Distress & Wellbeing","volume-title":"Theses and Dissertations\u2014Kinesiology and Health Promotion","author":"Tierney","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2602-9082","article-title":"Effects of brief online mindful sport performance enhancement on athletes\u2019 mental health, emotion regulation, and performance: a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Tingaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-1048","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory-II: a comprehensive review","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032038","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on promoting athletic performance and related factors among athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032339","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness intervention on the psychological skills and shooting performances in male collegiate basketball athletes in Macau: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647698","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1647698","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness training interventions on free throw performance in basketball players in stressful situations","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2025.06.008","article-title":"Impact of mindfulness-based interventions on sports performance and mental health: an umbrella review","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exerc Sci Fit."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-025-02634-4","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness intervention on cognitive function in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200202000-00005","article-title":"Use of the Chinese version of the Beck depression inventory for screening depression in primary care","volume":"190","author":"Yeung","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2007.35.1.19","article-title":"Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Pers."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2020.05340","article-title":"Effect of balance and proprioceptive training on balancing and technical skills in 13-14-year-old youth basketball players","volume":"20","author":"Zacharakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2468997","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness training on the psychological state of high-level athletes: meta analysis and system evaluation research","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794656\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:54:09Z","timestamp":1776837249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794656\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1794656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"article-number":"1794656"}}