{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:46:43Z","timestamp":1785818803523,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Against the background of China\u2019s policy emphasis on home\u2013kindergarten co-education, this study examined the developmental patterns and interrelations of three psychological resources among parents and primary caregivers of preschool children: personal growth initiative, psychological resilience, and life satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed design combined a baseline cross-sectional survey with a three-wave longitudinal follow-up conducted at 3-month intervals over 6 months. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling from eight kindergartens (five public, three private) in five cities across three Chinese provinces. The baseline sample comprised 856 caregivers (62.03% female; mean age = 36.82 years, SD = 7.45; range 25\u201355 years; 50.24% holding a junior college degree or above; 87.38% married), of whom 689 completed all three waves (attrition = 19.51%). Personal growth initiative, psychological resilience, and life satisfaction were assessed with the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II, the Connor\u2013Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, respectively, with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics included as covariates. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations, PROCESS-based mediation analysis with 5,000 bootstrap resamples, latent growth models, cross-lagged panel models (CLPM), random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM), and longitudinal mediation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, the three resources were positively correlated, and psychological resilience partially mediated the association between personal growth initiative and life satisfaction. Latent growth models indicated significant increases in personal growth initiative and psychological resilience, whereas life satisfaction remained relatively stable. CLPM analyses suggested modest bidirectional associations between personal growth initiative and resilience, which were partly retained at the within-person level in the RI-CLPM, although later-wave effects were weaker. T2 psychological resilience mediated the association between T1 personal growth initiative and T3 life satisfaction. Female participants, those aged 36\u201345 years, and those with higher educational attainment generally reported stronger psychological resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychological resilience may serve as an important bridge between proactive growth motivation and wellbeing in home\u2013kindergarten partnership contexts. The findings provide implications for differentiated psychological support programs for families of preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1795476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:46Z","timestamp":1785817666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic development of psychological resources among parents and primary caregivers in the context of home-kindergarten co-education: bidirectional associations and mediating pathways in a Chinese sample"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Preschool Education, Qilu Normal University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Parenting Stress Index: Professional Manual","author":"Abidin","year":"1995"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"569","article-title":"Life span theory in developmental psychology","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology","author":"Baltes","year":"2006"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.","author":"Bandura","year":"1986"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12660","article-title":"On the practical interpretability of cross-lagged panel models.","volume":"88","author":"Berry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"287","article-title":"Hedonic relativism and planning the good society","volume-title":"Adaptation-Level Theory","author":"Brickman","year":"1971"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The Ecology of Human Development.","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"China Education Modernization 2035.","year":"2019"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sor012","article-title":"Intergenerational ties in context: Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China.","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. 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