{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:49:35Z","timestamp":1785527375138,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial research demonstrates a positive association between the Home Literacy Environment (HLE) and vocabulary growth in typically developing (TD) children (Lov\u010devi\u0107, 2025). Though few studies have explored this in children with Down syndrome (DS), limited evidence suggests that an enriched HLE also promotes receptive vocabulary growth in this population (Dulin et al., 2023). However, the extent to which the HLE influences expressive vocabulary development within this population remains unclear (Dulin et al., 2023).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research questions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) How do parent(s) of children with DS describe their HLEs, in terms of richness and (2) child engagement during shared book reading (SBR) interactions? Do these measures of the HLE (richness and child engagement) correlate with child language scores (3) concurrently and (4) longitudinally?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were parents and children with Down syndrome (DS) aged 2\u202fyears 11\u202fmonths \u2013 6\u202fyears 10\u202fmonths at the start of the study. Parent(s) completed a\n                      <jats:italic>Home Learning Environment Questionnaire<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Dulin et al., 2023) which characterised (a) HLE richness and (b) child engagement in SBR. Language skills were measured using a parent-completed vocabulary checklist and a standardised measure of expressive vocabulary at two time points approximately 9\u202fmonths apart.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results\/discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Descriptive statistics revealed variability in the richness of HLEs (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f32.76,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f6.83,\n                      <jats:italic>range<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f16\u201344) and child engagement during SBR (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f18.86,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f6.00,\n                      <jats:italic>range<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f5\u201332). Parents of children with Down syndrome reported rich and variable home literacy environments, and frequent shared book reading in which there were generally high levels of child engagement, with children reported to regularly request books, turn pages, and point to pictures or words. Child engagement during SBR was the strongest predictor of concurrent expressive vocabulary, suggesting immediate vocabulary growth is linked with child engagement. Although HLE richness was not a significant predictor of vocabulary at either time point, stronger correlations between HLE richness and vocabulary at Time 2 suggest possible cumulative or lagged effects as children\u2019s language becomes more sensitive to environmental input over time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1795715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:56:28Z","timestamp":1777352188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Concurrent and longitudinal associations between the Home Literacy Environment and the language skills of children with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amelia","family":"Hickman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading","place":["Reading, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstie","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pagnamenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading","place":["Reading, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Stojanovik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading","place":["Reading, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Loveall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln","place":["Lincoln, NE, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Burgoyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading","place":["Reading, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2003)108<0149:rlsoaa>2.0.co;2","article-title":"Receptive language skills of adolescents and young adults with down or fragile X syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Abbeduto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20158","article-title":"Language development in Down syndrome: from the prelinguistic period to the acquisition of literacy","volume":"13","author":"Abbeduto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932508315050","article-title":"Home literacy environments of young children with Down syndrome: findings from a web-based survey","volume":"30","author":"Al Otaiba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remedial Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.11.015","article-title":"Information seeking by parents of children with physical disabilities: an exploratory qualitative study","volume":"60","author":"Alsem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2035","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2035","article-title":"Shared book reading and preschool children's academic achievement: evidence from the early childhood longitudinal study\u2014birth cohort","volume":"26","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/13803611.2020.1814820","article-title":"Home-based shared book reading interventions and children\u2019s language skills: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Barone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_ajslp-19-00156","article-title":"Maternal input and child language comprehension during book reading in children with Down syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Barton-Hulsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Manual","author":"Bayley","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158753","article-title":"CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. Identifying language impairments in children","volume":"11","author":"Bishop","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410602596","volume-title":"Development in Infancy: An Introduction","author":"Bornstein","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000111","article-title":"Long-term stability of core language skill in children with contrasting language skills","volume":"52","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2005\/004)","volume-title":"Use of a Parent Questionnaire in Emergent and Early Literacy Assessment of Preschool Children","author":"Boudreau","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-4","author":"Brownell","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912x.2020.1755423","article-title":"The effect of prompts on the shared reading interactions of parents and children with Down syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-023-01419-7","article-title":"Protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial of parent-delivered early language intervention for children with Down syndrome (PACT-DS)","volume":"9","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibil. Stud."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543065001001","article-title":"Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: a meta-analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy","volume":"65","author":"Bus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475","article-title":"Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Button","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2024.101958","article-title":"Links between booksharing and early vocabulary development in Costa Rica","volume":"76","author":"Carmiol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<84::aid-mrdd2>3.0.co;2-p","article-title":"Behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1086\/228943","article-title":"Social capital in the creation of human capital","volume":"94","author":"Coleman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3403.565","article-title":"The validity of a parent report measure of vocabulary and syntax at 24 months","volume":"34","author":"Dale","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2021.10.003","article-title":"Reach out and read implementation in a pediatric Down syndrome clinic","volume":"36","author":"Daniels","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2017.1363290","article-title":"Predictors of receptive and expressive vocabulary development in children with Down syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Deckers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2005.12.001","article-title":"Child and maternal contributions to shared reading: effects on language and literacy development","volume":"27","author":"Deckner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-444-53884-0.00016-6","article-title":"The dynamics of ontogeny: a neuroconstructivist perspective on genes, brains, cognition and behavior","volume":"189","author":"Dekker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref26","author":"DeTemple","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1368","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1368","article-title":"Oral language interventions can improve language outcomes in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Donolato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Campbell Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13225","article-title":"Shared picture book reading interventions for child language development: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Dowdall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12378","article-title":"Do infant vocabulary skills predict school-age language and literacy outcomes?","volume":"56","author":"Duff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143369","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1143369","article-title":"Home-literacy environments and language development in toddlers with Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Dulin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00146","article-title":"Measurement properties of the MacArthur communicative development inventories at ages one and two years","volume":"71","author":"Feldman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories","author":"Fenson","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00001163-200504000-00003","article-title":"The emerging Down syndrome behavioral phenotype in early childhood: implications for practice","volume":"18","author":"Fidler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infants Young Child."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000512","article-title":"The effects of shared storybook reading on word learning: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Flack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Peabody Developmental Motor Scales","author":"Folio","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/073428298400200104","article-title":"Validity of the expressive one-word picture vocabulary test for learning-disabled children","volume":"2","author":"Furlong","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/02568543.2024.2322731","article-title":"The impact of shared book reading on children and families: a study of Dolly Parton\u2019s imagination library in Tamworth, Australia","volume":"39","author":"Galea","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Res. Child. Educ."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2011.599317","article-title":"The development of vocabulary in Spanish children with Down syndrome: comprehension, production, and gestures","volume":"36","author":"Galeote","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT)","author":"Gardner","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/1468798415608907","article-title":"The impact of book reading in the early years on parent\u2013child language interaction","volume":"17","author":"Gilkerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Early Child. Lit."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539609544953","article-title":"Mothers' extratextual comments during storybook reading: stylistic differences over time and across texts","volume":"21","author":"Haden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Discourse Process."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2016.1213266","article-title":"The home literacy environment as a predictor of the early literacy development of children at family-risk of dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Utility of the MacArthur\u2014Bates Communicative Development Inventory in Identifying Language Abilities of late-Talking and Typically Developing ToddlersAmerica Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","author":"Heilmann","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000922000046","article-title":"Assessing the quantity and quality of language used by mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome during shared book reading","volume":"50","author":"Hilvert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Language Development","author":"Hoff","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027238","article-title":"Interpreting the early language trajectories of children from low-SES and language minority homes: implications for closing achievement gaps","volume":"49","author":"Hoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3104\/practice.370","article-title":"Inclusive education for individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Down Syndr. News Update"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01129.x","article-title":"The growth of reading skills in children with Down syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Hulme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2010.08.002","article-title":"Sources of variability in children\u2019s language growth","volume":"61","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01923","article-title":"Home literacy environment and early literacy development across languages varying in orthographic consistency","volume":"11","author":"Inoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(59)91892-6","article-title":"The somatic chromosomes in mongolism","volume":"273","author":"Jacobs","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176218","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1176218","article-title":"Shared book reading as a context for language intervention for children with Down syndrome: a mini-review","volume":"14","author":"Jeremic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2016.05.002","article-title":"The home-literacy environment of young children with disabilities","volume":"37","author":"Justice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-025-01935-6","article-title":"Parental engagement and satisfaction in early childhood education: the mediating role of home literacy environment","volume":"54","author":"Kaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Childhood Educ. J."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"885","article-title":"A study of somatic chromosomes in nine infants with mongolism","volume":"273","author":"Lejeune","year":"1959","journal-title":"CR Acad. Sci. Paris"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000922000290","article-title":"Children\u2019s engagement and caregivers\u2019 use of language-boosting strategies during shared book reading: a mixed methods approach","volume":"50","author":"Lingwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3724\/sp.j.1042.2022.00556","article-title":"Associations between home literacy environment and children\u2019s receptive vocabulary: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000925100093","article-title":"Early home learning environment and children\u2019s concurrent and longitudinal language development","volume":"2025","author":"Lov\u010devi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/03323315.2020.1729836","article-title":"Shared reading practices between parents and young children with Down syndrome in Ireland","volume":"39","author":"Lusby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"68","article-title":"Onset of speech-like vocalizations in infants with Down syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Lynch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Mental Retardat."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/tld.0b013e3181a71fe1","article-title":"Language characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top. Lang. Disord."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.12.021","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of early language in infants with Down syndrome: a preliminary study","volume":"81","author":"Mason-Apps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1152559","article-title":"Joint engagement and early language abilities in young children with Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mattie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730914","article-title":"Characterizing the richness of maternal input for word learning in neurogenetic disorders","volume":"42","author":"Mattie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seminars Speech Lang."},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"163","article-title":"Down syndrome: the impact of speech production on language development","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Communic. Lang. Intervent."},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"Improving the Communication of People with Down Syndrome","author":"Miller","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"93","article-title":"Individual differences in vocabulary acquisition in children with Down syndrome","volume":"393","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280701838603","article-title":"Added value of dialogic parent\u2013child book readings: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Mullen Scales of Early Learning","author":"Mullen","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/13670050.2024.2439277","article-title":"The home literacy environment of individuals with Down syndrome. A comparative study within a bilingual context","volume":"28","author":"Muscat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biling. Educ. Biling."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.05.014","article-title":"Language and verbal short-term memory skills in children with Down syndrome: a meta-analytic review","volume":"32","author":"N\u00e6ss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030312","article-title":"Differences and similarities in predictors of expressive vocabulary development between children with Down syndrome and young typically developing children","volume":"11","author":"N\u00e6ss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1438","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1438","article-title":"\u2018Form is easy, meaning is hard\u2019revisited:(re) characterizing the strengths and weaknesses of language in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"8","author":"Naigles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/s0885-2006(96)90019-8","article-title":"Children engaging in storybook reading: the influence of access to print resources, opportunity, and parental interaction","volume":"11","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2012.10.001","article-title":"Home literacy environment and the beginning of reading and spelling","volume":"38","author":"Niklas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_jslhr-19-00288","article-title":"The impact of interactive shared book reading on children's language skills: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Noble","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05825-4","article-title":"Cognitive profiles in children and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Onnivello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20735","article-title":"Updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004\u20132006","volume":"88","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2008.04.005","article-title":"Home literacy predictors of early reading development in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"30","author":"Peeters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/lit.12018","article-title":"Pilot study evaluating the impact of dialogic reading and shared reading at transition to primary school: early literacy skills and parental attitudes","volume":"48","author":"Pillinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Literacy"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013917","article-title":"The effects of socioeconomic status, race, and parenting on language development in early childhood","volume":"45","author":"Pungello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11060733","article-title":"The home learning environment of primary school children with Down syndrome and those with Williams syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Ranzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and Anderson-darling tests","volume":"2","author":"Razali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Statist. Model. Anal."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2011.01415.x","article-title":"Home literacy environments, interest in reading and emergent literacy skills of children with Down syndrome versus typical children","volume":"55","author":"Ricci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20136","article-title":"Language and communication development in Down syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000924000291","article-title":"Associations between shared book reading, daily screen time and infants\u2019 vocabulary size","volume":"52","author":"Rosslund","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01805.x","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of the role of quantity and quality of child-directed speech in vocabulary development","volume":"83","author":"Rowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R (Version 2023.09.1+494) [Computer Software]","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12699","article-title":"A systematic review of speech, language and communication interventions for children with Down syndrome from 0 to 6 years","volume":"57","author":"Seager","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12222","article-title":"Continuity and change in the home literacy environment as predictors of growth in vocabulary and reading","volume":"85","author":"S\u00e9n\u00e9chal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"16","volume-title":"The Disability Studies Reader","author":"Shakespeare","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20156","article-title":"Down syndrome: cognitive phenotype","volume":"13","author":"Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2017.06.003","article-title":"Assessing pragmatic communication in children with Down syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01631.x","article-title":"Psychosocial outcomes at 15 years of children with a preschool history of speech-language impairment","volume":"47","author":"Snowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/s0142716400000710","article-title":"Phonological analysis of four down's syndrome children","volume":"1","author":"Stoel-Gammon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Psycholinguist."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-024-01551-y","article-title":"Evaluating an early social communication intervention for young children with Down syndrome (ASCEND): results from a feasibility randomised control trial","volume":"10","author":"Stojanovik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pilot Feasib. Stud."},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Home and Community Literacy Experiences of Individuals with Down SyndromeDown Syndr. Res. Pract.","author":"Trenholm","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"98","article-title":"Literacy environments for children with Down syndrome: what's happening at home?","volume":"12","author":"van Bysterveldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Down Syndr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01222.x","article-title":"Home literacy environment of pre-school children with intellectual disabilities","volume":"53","author":"Van der Schuit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref110","volume-title":"Parental Perceptions and Practices of Emergent Literacy Development in Children with Down Syndrome: The Development of Intervention Guidelines","author":"Van Heerden","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895342","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.895342","article-title":"Impact of home literacy environment on literacy development of children with hearing loss: a mediation model","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-06834-8","article-title":"Associations of Down syndrome with autism Spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents","volume":"2025","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref114","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000475840","article-title":"The home literacy environment of preschool-age children with autism or Down syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Westerveld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr. Logop."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_ajslp-17-0002","article-title":"Single-word speech intelligibility in children and adults with Down syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2012.294","article-title":"The population prevalence of down\u2019s syndrome in England and Wales in 2011","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3109\/13682822.2010.508764","article-title":"Lexical and syntactic development in Italian children with down's syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Zampini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20182033","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2033","article-title":"Book sharing: in-home strategy to advance early child development globally","volume":"143","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1795715\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:56:33Z","timestamp":1777352193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1795715\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1795715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1795715","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"article-number":"1795715"}}