{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:19:27Z","timestamp":1787552367913,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a teaching program based on artificial intelligence in developing productive thinking skills among female university students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with a single experimental group. The participants were nine female students enrolled in the Educational Technology course at the College of Sharia, King Faisal University, in the Al-Ahsa Governorate, during the first semester of the 2024\u20132025 academic year. The sample was purposefully selected from the study population. The instrument used was a Productive Thinking Skills Questionnaire consisting of 20 items distributed across seven core skills: originality, fluency, flexibility, inference, interpretation, expansion, and imagination. To address psychometric robustness, face validity was established via a panel of five expert judges, and construct validity was substantiated by assessing item-total correlations alongside the internal consistency coefficient. A five-point Likert scale was used to score the responses, ranging from \u201cNeeds Improvement\u201d to \u201cExcellent.\u201d The reliability of the scale was confirmed with a Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficient of 0.84. The study applied a teaching program based on artificial intelligence, and data were analyzed using the R statistical software through descriptive and inferential statistics, including means, standard deviations, effect sizes, Cronbach\u2019s alpha, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test due to the small sample size. Confidence intervals (95% CI) for median differences were computed using exact distribution methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed statistically significant improvements between pre- and post-test scores, suggesting the potential effectiveness of the program within this exploratory pilot context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Given the small sample size (\n                      <jats:italic>n = 9<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), this study is framed as a pilot design; the findings are associative and exploratory, intended to generate preliminary evidence rather than definitive causal inferences. The critical limitations of the single-group design\u2014such as vulnerability to maturation, testing effects, and task familiarity\u2014are extensively evaluated. The study recommends incorporating artificial intelligence-based teaching strategies in university education to enhance students\u2019 productive thinking skills.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1812540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:30:39Z","timestamp":1787549439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An exploratory pilot study of artificial intelligence-based instructional program for developing productive thinking skills among female King Faisal University students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hissah Fahad","family":"AlMuhaysh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curricula and Teaching Methods, College of Education, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.29333\/iji.2024.1722a","article-title":"The effectiveness of a training program based on Tyler\u2019s Multiple talents model in enhancing thinking and decision-making skills.","volume":"17","author":"Aladwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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