{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:07:52Z","timestamp":1779084472002,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Problem-solving appraisal is an important cognitive process that influences how individuals manage and cope with stress. Negative appraisals of problem-solving ability are associated with adverse mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to synthesize the relationship between problem-solving appraisal and internalizing disorders. In addition, we examined the potential moderating role of age in this relationship and conducted subgroup analyses. To account for effect size dependencies, we used robust variance estimation (RVE). We examined publication bias with a funnel plot, Egger\u2019s regression test, and weighting studies in terms of their probability of being published.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found a medium combined effect size (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.40) for 66 coefficients from 49 studies. Age did not moderate the combined effect size. Subgroup analyses found no difference between the combined effect size of studies that used a translated version of the PSI and those that used the original English version, nor was there a difference between those who reported on the relationship between problem-solving appraisal and anxiety and those that focused on the relationship between problem-solving appraisal and depression. The combined effect size obtained with RVE did not significantly differ from the original combined effect size. A funnel plot, Egger\u2019s regression test, and weighting of studies in terms of their probability of being published all evidenced publication bias. The trim-and-fill method imputed 16 studies, which adjusted the obtained combined effect size to a medium effect size of 0.38.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings underscore the moderate but robust relationship between problem-solving appraisal and internalizing disorders. Interventions to improve problem-solving skills may be beneficial across various demographics. Addressing publication bias is crucial to ensuring accurate meta-analytic results in mental health research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1824501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:43:13Z","timestamp":1779082993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between problem-solving appraisal and internalizing disorders: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tyrone B.","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]},{"name":"Monash University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Padmanabhanunni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders: DSM-5-TR","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.04.006","article-title":"Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities","volume":"39","author":"Bastian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037562","article-title":"The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale","volume":"42","author":"Beck","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102377","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: the role of pre-existing anxiety, depressive, and other mental disorders","volume":"79","author":"Bendau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01205009","article-title":"Negative life stress, social problem-solving self-appraisal, and hopelessness: implications for suicide research","volume":"12","author":"Bonner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v17n03_08","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability and hopelessness among correctional inmates: a state of mind model","volume":"17","author":"Bonner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Offender Rehabil."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2015.04.002","article-title":"Preventive strategies to reduce depressive symptoms in overweight and obese young adults","volume":"29","author":"Cha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00082-6","article-title":"Dimensionality and correlates of problem solving: the use of the problem solving inventory in the Chinese context","volume":"39","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2010.00537.x","article-title":"Depression: problem-solving appraisal and self-rated health among Hong Kong Chinese migrant women","volume":"12","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316","article-title":"Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications","volume":"100","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01315-w","article-title":"Loneliness, social anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: longitudinal distinctiveness and correlated change","volume":"49","author":"Danneel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Youth. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3163","article-title":"More than a year of pandemic: longitudinal assessment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the argentine general population during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"38","author":"del-Valle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stress. Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110214525","article-title":"Negative life events in childhood, psychological problems and suicide attempts in adulthood: a matched case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Dieserud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110301571","article-title":"Predicting repetition of suicide attempt: a prospective study of 50 suicide attempters","volume":"7","author":"Dieserud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.31.2.153.21511","article-title":"Toward an integrative model of suicide attempt: a cognitive psychological approach","volume":"31","author":"Dieserud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat. Behav."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02564.x","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal and depression: evidence for a recovery model","volume":"78","author":"Dixon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Couns. Dev."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.40.3.357","article-title":"Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of problem-solving appraisal and depressive symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Dixon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01173033","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal and psychological adjustment following spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.39.2.219","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal and the effects of social support among college students and persons with physical disabilities","volume":"39","author":"Elliott","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.143.1.78-90","article-title":"Peer victimization, rumination, and problem solving as risk contributors to adolescents' depressive symptoms","volume":"143","author":"Erdur-Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-005-1011-z","article-title":"Students under academic stress in a Turkish university: variables associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety","volume":"24","author":"Eremsoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"382","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors related to depression in high school students","volume":"19","author":"Eskin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1330255","article-title":"Anxiety and depression: toward overlapping and distinctive features","volume":"32","author":"Eysenck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref24","author":"Fisher","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1037\/1524-9220.5.2.168","article-title":"Understanding men's psychological distress: contributions of problem-solving appraisal and masculine role conflict","volume":"5","author":"Good","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masculin."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.44.4.433","article-title":"Psychological health and problem-solving self-appraisal in older adults","volume":"44","author":"Hanson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","article-title":"Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates","volume":"1","author":"Hedges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0167.29.6.580","article-title":"Personal problem solving: a descriptive study of individual differences","volume":"29","author":"Heppner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"The Problem Solving Inventory","author":"Heppner","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/09515078808254196","article-title":"The utility of problem-solving training that emphasises self-management principles","volume":"1","author":"Heppner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.107","article-title":"Development and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory","volume":"53","author":"Heppner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.49.4.484","article-title":"Examining the generalizability of problem-solving appraisal in black south Africans","volume":"49","author":"Heppner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000003262793","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal and human adjustment: a review of 20 years of research using the problem solving inventory","volume":"32","author":"Heppner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20180509-05","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the problem solving inventory in caregivers of individuals with memory loss","volume":"44","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/03069885.2015.1119232","article-title":"Predictors of undergraduate students\u2019 university support service use during the first year of university","volume":"44","author":"Julal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Guid. Couns."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2022.2076561","article-title":"Academic self-efficacy and cognitive strategy use in college students with and without depression or anxiety","volume":"72","author":"Karr","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.131","article-title":"Trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"355","author":"Kenntemich","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2402_06","article-title":"Self-appraised problem solving and pain-relevant social support as predictors of the experience of chronic pain","volume":"24","author":"Kerns","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.07.073","article-title":"The anxiety levels, quality of sleep and life and problem-solving skills in healthcare workers employed in COVID-19 services","volume":"80","author":"Korkmaz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.02.023","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and problem solving skills in individuals who attempted suicide","volume":"74","author":"Korkmaz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.37.4.482","article-title":"Significant predictors of problem-solving appraisal","volume":"37","author":"Larson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-021-02194-w","article-title":"Social skills deficits and self-appraisal biases in children with social anxiety disorder","volume":"32","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Stress, Appraisal, and Coping","author":"Lazarus","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-022-09685-x","article-title":"The interplay between expressive suppression, emotional self-efficacy and internalizing behavior in middle adolescence","volume":"52","author":"Lonigro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018833607815","article-title":"Gender differences in adolescent depression: gender-typed characteristics or problem-solving skills deficits?","volume":"41","author":"Marcotte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02228029","article-title":"Think aloud statements and solutions of dysphoric persons on a social problem-solving task","volume":"20","author":"Mayo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6101_12","article-title":"Using self-report measures to corroborate theories of depression: the specificity problem","volume":"61","author":"McGrath","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616662243","article-title":"Adjusting for publication Bias in Meta-analysis: an evaluation of selection methods and some cautionary notes","volume":"11","author":"McShane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09515079608256361","article-title":"An empirical test of the problem solving model of depression and its application to the prediction of anxiety and anger","volume":"9","author":"Miner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/89.9.873","article-title":"Reprint\u2014preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"89","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1986.58.1.279","article-title":"Negative life stress and anxiety: problem solving as a moderator variable","volume":"58","author":"Nezu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(86)80113-7","article-title":"Attributional correlates of depression: an interactional model including problem solving","volume":"17","author":"Nezu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24705470231189980","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470231189980","article-title":"Cognitive adaptation to stress and trauma: the role of self-appraised problem-solving in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"7","author":"Padmanabhanunni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000312","article-title":"From fear to fortitude: differential vulnerability to PTSD among south African university students","volume":"28","author":"Padmanabhanunni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traumatology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v26n01_02","article-title":"Problem solving appraisal and narcissism among delinquent adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Perez","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Offender Rehabil."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.52.3.311","article-title":"Caregiver burden in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Pickett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1992.71.3.855","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal in the association of life stress and depression: a south African study","volume":"71","author":"Pretorius","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246320943498","article-title":"Pathways to health: conceptual clarification and appropriate statistical treatment of mediator, moderator, and indirect effects using examples from burnout research","volume":"50","author":"Pretorius","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/008124639402400206","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal, social support and stress-depression relationship","volume":"24","author":"Pretorius","year":"1994","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21582440231215633","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231215633","article-title":"The PSI-20: development of a viable short form alternative of the problem solving inventory using item response theory","volume":"13","author":"Pretorius","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.40.1.79","article-title":"Perceived problem-solving ability as a predictor of depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population","volume":"40","author":"Priester","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01549","article-title":"From pre-registration to publication: a non-technical primer for conducting a meta-analysis to synthesize correlational data","volume":"6","author":"Quintana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10811440008407848","article-title":"The relationships among grief experience, problem-solving appraisal, and depression: an exploratory study","volume":"5","author":"Reid","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pers. Interpers. Loss"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01177661","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the problem solving inventory in a group of Turkish university students","volume":"17","author":"Sahin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01672-3","article-title":"Problem-solving therapy for major depressive disorders in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001188","article-title":"The mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: risk and protective factors","volume":"14","author":"Shoshani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9363-1","article-title":"Responding to anxiety with rumination and hopelessness: mechanism of anxiety-depression symptom co-occurrence?","volume":"36","author":"Starr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1260","article-title":"Introduction, comparison, and validation of Meta-essentials: a free and simple tool for meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Suurmond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000003262800","article-title":"Two decades of research on the problem solving inventory: a call for empirical clarity","volume":"32","author":"Suzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2015.1054058","article-title":"Stressors and caregivers\u2019 depression: multiple mediators of self-efficacy, social support, and problem-solving skill","volume":"54","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Work Health Care"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-0073-7","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the problem solving inventory in a Singapore young male adult sample","volume":"40","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011361418436","article-title":"Problem-solving appraisal and psychological adjustment of persons with chronic low-back pain","volume":"8","author":"Witty","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2005.01537.x","article-title":"Family carers in stroke care: examining the relationship between problem-solving, depression and general health","volume":"16","author":"Yeung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2018.01.170270","article-title":"The effectiveness of problem-solving therapy for primary care patients' depressive and\/or anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112705","article-title":"Modifiable risk and protective factors for anxiety disorders among adults: a systematic review","volume":"285","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1824501\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:43:16Z","timestamp":1779082996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1824501\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1824501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1824501","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"article-number":"1824501"}}