{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:06:19Z","timestamp":1784700379901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study adopts a holistic perspective on spatial ability by integrating preservice teachers\u2019 self-efficacy perceptions with performance-based approaches. It aims to assess spatial ability self-efficacy and examine differences across selected variables, as well as the relationship between spatial self-efficacy and visualization performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A valid and reliable measurement instrument, the Spatial Ability Self-Efficacy Perception Scale, was developed. The scale consists of 35 items across three factors\u2014spatial visualization, spatial relations, and spatial orientation\u2014and demonstrates high internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.960).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that preservice teachers generally report high levels of spatial self-efficacy, with higher levels in spatial visualization and spatial orientation and moderate levels in spatial relations. While no significant gender differences were observed, spatial self-efficacy perceptions differed significantly by academic program, with higher levels among preservice teachers in Mathematics Education as well as Social Studies Education. In addition, the total spatial self-efficacy perception score showed a positive and moderate association with visualization performance; at the factor level, spatial visualization and spatial relations showed moderate associations, whereas spatial orientation showed a weak association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the results support conceptualizing spatial ability as a multidimensional construct shaped by the interaction of cognitive performance and self-efficacy perceptions. By integrating affective and cognitive dimensions of spatial thinking, this study offers psychometric, methodological, and theoretical contributions to spatial ability research and provides implications for teacher education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1829983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1784699520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between spatial ability self-efficacy and visualization performance: psychometric evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Okan","family":"Kuzu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, K\u0131r\u015fehir Ahi Evran University","place":["K\u0131r\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanife","family":"Ta\u015fdelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, K\u0131r\u015fehir Ahi Evran University","place":["K\u0131r\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.17522\/balikesirnef.437657","article-title":"Investigat\u0131on in several variables the spatial skills of teacher candidates","volume":"12","author":"Abay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Necatibey Fac. 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