{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:21:42Z","timestamp":1787728902876,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the complex classroom pathways that underlie student learning outcomes is vital for pedagogical improvement. While prior scholarship highlights isolated instructional variables via survey methods, empirical insights regarding the simultaneous behavioral and psychological pathways in real classroom settings remain scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using secondary data from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) Global Teaching Insights (GTI) video study in Shanghai, China (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f85 mathematics teachers;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2,613 students), this study applies Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the concurrent associations among classroom management, teacher emotional support, and mathematics achievement via the distinct mediating mechanisms of classroom interaction (quantity\/quality), cognitive engagement, and subject-specific self-efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results reveal a dual effect of classroom management: while it improves the quality of interactions, it simultaneously reduces the frequency of interaction, thereby weakening students\u2019 efficacy and achievement. In contrast, emotional support from teachers enhances both the frequency and quality of classroom interactions, ultimately promoting cognitive engagement and academic performance. Moreover, interaction quantity and quality exert comparable influences on outcomes, with cognitive engagement and subject-specific efficacy functioning as key mediators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings shed light on the psychological and behavioral dynamics underlying classroom improvement, highlight the value of emotionally supportive and interaction-balanced teaching practices, and provide empirical support for both social-cognitive and constructivist theories of learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1831480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:23:28Z","timestamp":1787725408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the psychological and behavioral pathways connecting classroom instruction to mathematics achievement: insights from TALIS Shanghai data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Weitong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies in Education, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Education, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence10030055","article-title":"Academic achievement: influences of university students\u2019 self-management and perceived self-efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Al-Abyadh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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