{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:27:49Z","timestamp":1786343269168,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute respiratory infections can disrupt both physical and psychological well-being. This study aimed to examine whether mental well-being differed according to respiratory infection aetiology during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to identify factors associated with mental well-being over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective observational cohort study included 819 adults from nine European countries recruited during 2020 and 2021 as part of the SOS-COVID study. Mental well-being was assessed using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index at day 7 and day 28 following enrolment. Respiratory infection aetiology was classified as SARS-CoV-2, other viral infection, or no virus detected, and additionally grouped as SARS-CoV-2 versus no SARS-CoV-2 detected. Linear mixed-effects models with patients nested within countries examined associations between infection type and well-being scores, adjusting for age, recovery duration and time period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median WHO-5 well-being scores increased from 13 at day 7 to 18 at day 28. Participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection reported lower median well-being scores (12 and 17 at day 7 and day 28, respectively) compared with other viral infections (15 and 19), non-SARS-CoV-2 infections (13 and 18), and no virus detected (13 and 17). In adjusted analyses, lower day 28 well-being was associated with longer recovery duration (coef\u202f=\u202f\u22120.1, 95% CI: \u22120.2 to \u22120.1), SARS-CoV-2 infection (coef\u202f=\u202f\u22121.1, 95% CI: \u22121.8 to \u22120.3), recruitment during July to September and October to December 2020, and increasing age. Approximately 32% of variance in well-being occurred at the country level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower mental well-being scores, particularly 1\u202fmonth following enrolment, compared with other respiratory infection groups. Recovery duration and recruitment period also influenced well-being outcomes, suggesting that both infection-specific and contextual pandemic-related factors contributed to reduced mental well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1833497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T05:30:10Z","timestamp":1786339810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the association of respiratory infection aetiology with mental well-being scores: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abigail","family":"Murfitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alike W.","family":"van der Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Centrum voor Gezondheidswetenschappen en Eerstelijns Geneeskunde","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"B\u00f6hmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rostock","place":["Rostock, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slawomir","family":"Chlabicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok","place":["Bialystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Colliers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Garcia-Sangenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Investigacio en Atencio Primaria de Salut Jordi Gol","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lile","family":"Malania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disease Control and Public Health","place":["Tbilisi, Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozsef","family":"Pauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DRC Drug Research Centre","place":["Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tomacinschii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitatea de Stat de Medicina si Farmacie Nicolae Testemitanu","place":["Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Moldova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akke","family":"Vellinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105309103570","article-title":"Health and happiness among older adults: a community-based study","volume":"14","author":"Angner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-020-00466-5","article-title":"Cross-country comparisons of COVID-19: policy, politics and the price of life","volume":"76","author":"Balmford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102634","article-title":"Influenza-like-illness and clinically diagnosed flu: disease burden, costs and quality of life for patients seeking ambulatory care or no professional care at all","volume":"9","author":"Bilcke","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14088-7","article-title":"A cross-country comparison of COVID-19 containment measures and their effects on the epidemic curves","volume":"22","author":"Cascini","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Global Monitoring","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12506","article-title":"Effects of seasonal and pandemic influenza on health-related quality of life, work and school absence in England: results from the flu watch cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Fragaszy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154074","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2022.2154074","article-title":"Initial symptoms and three months follow-up after acute COVID-19 in outpatients: an international prospective cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Hedin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"15","volume-title":"World Happiness Report 2024","author":"Helliwell","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102268","article-title":"Incremental validity of coronaphobia: coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.40","article-title":"Fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic \u2013 should we prepare for a tsunami of post viral depression?","volume":"37","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir. J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7241","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197241","article-title":"Emotional and behavioral consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of health anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and distress (in) tolerance","volume":"17","author":"Sauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.09.002","article-title":"Twenty-five years of research on the behavioural malaise associated with influenza and the common cold","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","article-title":"6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270707","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2023.2270707","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational study of respiratory tract infection in primary care in the early phase of the pandemic","volume":"29","author":"van der Velden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"WHO COVID-19 Dashboard","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Wellbeing Measures in Primary Health Care\/The DepCare Project: Report on a WHO Meeting: Stockholm, Sweden, 12\u201313 February 1998","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e068993","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068993","article-title":"Risks of mental health outcomes in people with Covid-19: cohort study","volume":"376","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1833497\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T05:30:11Z","timestamp":1786339811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1833497\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1833497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1833497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"article-number":"1833497"}}