{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:47:31Z","timestamp":1785822451709,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interpersonal synchronization of physiological signals has been a major target of cognitive science studies, mainly because it is associated with pro-social behaviors. In this context, naturalistic stimuli are often used to evaluate this effect, using neuroimaging techniques. However, it is also possible to observe synchronizing effects at the cardiac level, which may also reflect cognitive processing. The main goal of this mini-review is to achieve a better understanding of interpersonal heart rate synchronization and pro-social behaviors in musical contexts. We conclude that music has the ability to strengthen the sense of connection and collaboration between people, being a facilitator of interpersonal synchronization at various physiological levels, especially in heart rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1836447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:39:12Z","timestamp":1785821952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interpersonal heart rate synchrony and prosocial behaviors in musical contexts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Marcos Parolo","family":"Carmona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM)","place":["Maring\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing Laboratory, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA)","place":["Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rael Bertarelli Gimenes","family":"Toffolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Music and Music Therapy, State University of Paran\u00e1","place":["Maring\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe de Oliveira","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM)","place":["Maring\u00e1, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM)","place":["Maring\u00e1, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927111","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.927111","article-title":"Brain and brain-heart granger causality during wakefulness and sleep","volume":"16","author":"Abdalbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12173","article-title":"Inter-subject synchronization of brain responses during natural music listening","volume":"37","author":"Abrams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.59720\/12-012","article-title":"The effect of music on heart rate","volume":"1","author":"Agrawal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Investig."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2008.09.002","article-title":"Synchronization in complex networks","volume":"469","author":"Arenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735620978688","article-title":"Non-random acts of kindness: joint music making increases preschoolers\u2019 helping and sharing with an adult","volume":"50","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10503","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1103-13.2013","article-title":"The autonomic brain: an activation likelihood estimation Meta-analysis for central processing of autonomic function","volume":"33","author":"Beissner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.07.002","article-title":"Listening to rhythms activates motor and premotor cortices","volume":"45","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00785","article-title":"Increase in synchronization of autonomic rhythms between individuals when listening to music","volume":"8","author":"Bernardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.108.806174","article-title":"Dynamic interactions between musical, cardiovascular, and cerebral rhythms in humans","volume":"119","author":"Bernardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.064600","article-title":"Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence","volume":"92","author":"Bernardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.191355898","article-title":"Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion","volume":"98","author":"Blood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0134","article-title":"Culture and the evolution of human cooperation","volume":"364","author":"Boyd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04843.x","article-title":"Subjective appraisal of music","volume":"1169","author":"Brattico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735611425896","article-title":"Universals in the world\u2019s musics","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi007","article-title":"Action observation and acquired motor skills: an fMRI study with expert dancers","volume":"15","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092002","article-title":"Action experience, more than observation, influences mu rhythm desynchronization","volume":"9","author":"Cannon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855778","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.855778","article-title":"Audience interbrain synchrony during live music is shaped by both the number of people sharing pleasure and the strength of this pleasure","volume":"16","author":"Chabin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn042","article-title":"Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.22489\/CinC.2019.445","article-title":"Cardiac response to live music performance: computing techniques for feature extraction and analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12193","article-title":"Interpersonal synchrony increases prosocial behavior in infants","volume":"17","author":"Cirelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2017.34.3.319","article-title":"Effects of interpersonal movement synchrony on infant helping behaviors","volume":"34","author":"Cirelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Music. Percept."},{"key":"ref22","author":"Clayton","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107538","article-title":"Spontaneous group synchronization of movements and respiratory rhythms","volume":"9","author":"Codrons","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2307\/3345305","article-title":"Physical effects and motor responses to music","volume":"25","author":"Dainow","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Res. Music. Educ."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2012.01225.x","article-title":"Four applications of embodied cognition","volume":"4","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023843","article-title":"Rocking to the beat: effects of music and partner\u2019s movements on spontaneous interpersonal coordination","volume":"141","author":"Demos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1029864908012001081","article-title":"If music is the food of love, what about survival and reproductive success?","volume":"12","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Musicae Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199227341.003.0008","volume-title":"Music, Language, and Human Evolution","author":"Dunbar","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779964","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.779964","article-title":"Neural correlates of listening to varying synchrony between beats in samba percussion and relations to feeling the groove","volume":"16","author":"Engel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105522","article-title":"A review of psychological and neuroscientific research on musical groove","volume":"158","author":"Etani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104915","article-title":"The central autonomic system revisited \u2013 convergent evidence for a regulatory role of the insular and midcingulate cortex from neuroimaging meta-analyses","volume":"142","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0000136-000","volume-title":"How the body Shapes Knowledge: Empirical Support for Embodied Cognition","author":"Fincher-Kiefer","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000207","article-title":"A heart for interaction: shared physiological dynamics and behavioral coordination in a collective, creative construction task","volume":"42","author":"Fusaroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.593","article-title":"Action recognition in the premotor cortex","volume":"119","author":"Gallese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-022-09974-9","article-title":"A rationale for considering heart\/brain axis control in neuropsychiatric disease","volume":"34","author":"Garrett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214505","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1214505","article-title":"Physiological synchrony and shared flow state in Javanese gamelan: positively associated while improvising, but not for traditional performance","volume":"14","author":"Gibbs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03627-7","article-title":"The role of touch in regulating inter-partner physiological coupling during empathy for pain","volume":"7","author":"Goldstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12261","article-title":"Studying the dynamics of autonomic activity during emotional experience","volume":"51","author":"Golland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-026-00535-4","article-title":"Correlates of interpersonal physiological synchrony and sources of empirical heterogeneity","volume":"5","author":"Gordon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113074","article-title":"The relationship between physiological synchrony and motion energy synchrony during a joint group drumming task","volume":"224","author":"Gordon","year":"","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65670-1","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral synchrony predict group cohesion and performance","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7540","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2018-08.2009","article-title":"Feeling the beat: premotor and striatal interactions in musicians and nonmusicians during beat perception","volume":"29","author":"Grahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2014.02.004","article-title":"Music induces different cardiac autonomic arousal effects in young and older persons","volume":"183","author":"Hilz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2009.27.6.949","article-title":"It\u2019s all in the timing: interpersonal synchrony increases affiliation","volume":"27","author":"Hove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05724.x","article-title":"Is music an evolutionary adaptation?","volume":"930","author":"Huron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18023-4","article-title":"Synchrony and physiological arousal increase cohesion and cooperation in large naturalistic groups","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199230143.001.0001","volume-title":"Handbook of music and Emotion: Theory, Research, Applications","author":"Juslin","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4524-1","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration is enhanced in dancers and musicians","volume":"234","author":"Karpati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01692","article-title":"Inter-brain synchronization during coordination of speech rhythm in human-to-human social interaction","volume":"3","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130394","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0394","article-title":"Rhythm in joint action: psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms for real-time interpersonal coordination","volume":"369","author":"Keller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1603-5","article-title":"Audiovisual mirror neurons and action recognition","volume":"153","author":"Keysers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2942-15.2016","article-title":"Attention strongly modulates reliability of neural responses to naturalistic narrative stimuli","volume":"36","author":"Ki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81245-4_2","volume-title":"Biopsychosocial Factors of Stress, and Mindfulness for Stress Reduction","author":"Kleshchova","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14192","article-title":"The frequency architecture of brain and brain body oscillations: an analysis","volume":"48","author":"Klimesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.97108","article-title":"Heart rate synchrony in psychological counseling: a case study","volume":"9","author":"Kodama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv430","article-title":"Music and the heart","volume":"36","author":"Koelsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/08913819708443453","article-title":"Reflections on aesthetics and evolution","volume":"11","author":"Kogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027272","article-title":"Synchronized drumming enhances activity in the caudate and facilitates prosocial commitment - if the rhythm comes easily","volume":"6","author":"Kokal","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8514","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016955108","article-title":"Synchronized arousal between performers and related spectators in a fire-walking ritual","volume":"108","author":"Konvalinka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15381","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15381","article-title":"Effects of exercise anticipation on cardiorespiratory coherence","volume":"10","author":"Koppula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2882","article-title":"Music training for the development of auditory skills","volume":"11","author":"Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05520-9","article-title":"Effects of gratitude meditation on neural network functional connectivity and brain-heart coupling","volume":"7","author":"Kyeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/arcp.1088","article-title":"Reconsidering prosocial behavior as intersocial: a literature review and a new perspective","volume":"6","author":"Labroo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Consum. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928563","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.928563","article-title":"In touch: cardiac and respiratory patterns synchronize during ensemble singing with physical contact","volume":"16","author":"Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001179","article-title":"Prosocial behavior reliably reduces loneliness: an investigation across two studies","volume":"23","author":"Lanser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000173","article-title":"Synchronization can influence trust following virtual interaction","volume":"60","author":"Launay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"81","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition","author":"Leman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119943","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.11.491576","article-title":"Hippocampus modulates vocalizations responses at early auditory centers","volume":"270","author":"Leong","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.06.002","article-title":"How functional coupling between the auditory cortex and the amygdala induces musical emotion: a single case study","volume":"60","author":"Li\u00e9geois-Chauvel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150182","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0182","article-title":"Delay-correlation landscape reveals characteristic time delays of brain rhythms and heart interactions","volume":"374","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.18494\/SAM.2021.2489","article-title":"Increased phase synchronization of brainwaves induced by specific music","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Mater."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01064","article-title":"Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem","volume":"5","author":"Lumsden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016980118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016980118","article-title":"Synchronized eye movements predict test scores in online video education","volume":"118","author":"Madsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40254-w","article-title":"Music synchronizes brainwaves across listeners with strong effects of repetition, familiarity and training","volume":"9","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000096799","article-title":"The inferior colliculus: a Center for Convergence of ascending and descending auditory information","volume":"3","author":"Malmierca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroembryol. Aging"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3233\/JIN-180079","article-title":"Association between heart rhythm and cortical sound processing","volume":"17","author":"Marcomini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2014.073","article-title":"Heart rate variability: new perspectives on physiological mechanisms, assessment of self-regulatory capacity, and health risk glob","volume":"4","author":"McCraty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/3527609156.ch21","volume-title":"Stress in Health and Disease","author":"McCraty","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/453287a","article-title":"The evolution of music","volume":"453","author":"McDermott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.001","article-title":"Neural correlates of non-verbal social interactions: a dual-EEG study","volume":"55","author":"M\u00e9noret","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)61207-6","article-title":"Effects of music on patient anxiety","volume":"77","author":"Mok","year":"2003","journal-title":"AORN J."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934163","article-title":"Synchronization of autonomic and cerebral rhythms during listening to music: effects of tempo and cognition of songs","volume":"68","author":"Mollakazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.01.004","article-title":"Physiological evidence of interpersonal dynamics in a cooperative production task","volume":"156","author":"M\u00f8nster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24893","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024893","article-title":"Cardiac and respiratory patterns synchronize between persons during choir singing","volume":"6","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.017","article-title":"Interactive brains, social minds: neural and physiological mechanisms of interpersonal action coordination","volume":"128","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13050311","article-title":"Synchronization and patterns in human dynamics","volume":"13","author":"Orsucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214211053635","article-title":"Are we in time? How predictive coding and dynamical systems explain musical synchrony","volume":"31","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868316628405","article-title":"Interpersonal autonomic physiology: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Palumbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102776","article-title":"Bidirectional intrinsic modulation of EEG band power time series and spectral components of heart rate variability","volume":"232","author":"Pardo-Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2616-0","article-title":"The role of temporal prediction abilities in interpersonal sensorimotor synchronization","volume":"211","author":"Pecenka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109692","article-title":"Conscious processing of narrative stimuli synchronizes heart rate between individuals","volume":"36","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00538","article-title":"Origin of music and embodied cognition","volume":"6","author":"Perlovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Pribram","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-7-21","article-title":"Association between central auditory processing mechanism and cardiac autonomic regulation","volume":"7","author":"Rega\u00e7one","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Med."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000252","article-title":"Prosocial consequences of interpersonal synchrony","volume":"224","author":"Rennung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z. Psychol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2009.08.002","article-title":"Sensorimotor synchronization and perception of timing: effects of music training and task experience","volume":"29","author":"Repp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230","article-title":"The Mirror-neuron system","volume":"27","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(95)00038-0","article-title":"Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions","volume":"3","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35090060","article-title":"Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action","volume":"2","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.001","article-title":"Predictions and the brain: how musical sounds become rewarding","volume":"19","author":"Salimpoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976241235932","article-title":"Oscillatory coupling between neural and cardiac rhythms","volume":"35","author":"Sargent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X20000333","article-title":"Music as a coevolved system for social bonding","volume":"44","author":"Savage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05692-y","article-title":"Musical training enhances temporal adaptation of auditory-motor synchronization","volume":"238","author":"Scheurich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu168","article-title":"Engaged listeners: shared neural processing of powerful political speeches","volume":"10","author":"Schm\u00e4lzle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908488","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.908488","article-title":"Synchronization between music dynamics and heart rhythm is modulated by the musician\u2019s emotional involvement: a single case study","volume":"13","author":"Sebastiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.01.002","article-title":"Herding brains: a core neural mechanism for social alignment","volume":"23","author":"Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000114","article-title":"Effects of family cohesion and heart rate reactivity on aggressive\/rule-breaking behavior and prosocial behavior in adolescence: the tracking adolescents\u2019 individual lives survey study","volume":"25","author":"Sijtsema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.015","article-title":"Dynamics and diversity of heart rate responses to a disaster motion picture","volume":"143","author":"Steiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0116","article-title":"Language, gesture, skill: the co-evolutionary foundations of language","volume":"367","author":"Sterelny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref111","volume-title":"Sync: the Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order","author":"Strogatz","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046028","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aba87d","article-title":"Physiological synchrony in EEG, electrodermal activity and heart rate reflects shared selective auditory attention","volume":"17","author":"Stuldreher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.03.003","article-title":"Musical groove modulates motor cortex excitability: a TMS investigation","volume":"82","author":"Stupacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.04.007","article-title":"Music strengthens prosocial effects of interpersonal synchronization \u2013 if you move in time with the beat","volume":"72","author":"Stupacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1177\/03057356211050681","article-title":"Higher empathy is associated with stronger social bonding when moving together with music","volume":"50","author":"Stupacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563031","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.563031","article-title":"Mirror neuron activity during audiovisual appreciation of opera performance","volume":"11","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01096","article-title":"Music and social bonding: \u2018self-other\u2019 merging and neurohormonal mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Tarr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z","article-title":"Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the Neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health","volume":"37","author":"Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903407","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.903407","article-title":"Interpersonal physiological synchrony predicts group cohesion","volume":"16","author":"Tomashin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Handbook of Emotions","author":"Tooby","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16686-2","article-title":"Endogenous rhythms influence musicians\u2019 and non-musicians\u2019 interpersonal synchrony","volume":"12","author":"Tranchant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000431","article-title":"Physiological synchrony in audiences of live concerts","volume":"17","author":"Tschacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125211050629","article-title":"Music-assisted training for dart throwing novices: post-training effects on heart rate and performance accuracy","volume":"129","author":"Tso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021302","article-title":"Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion","volume":"11","author":"Valdesolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901049106","article-title":"Influence of paced maternal breathing on fetal\u2013maternal heart rate coordination","volume":"106","author":"Van Leeuwen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.11.070","article-title":"Characteristics of instructed and uninstructed interpersonal coordination while walking side-by-side","volume":"432","author":"van Ulzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"566","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref128","author":"Wilson","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019608","article-title":"The overlapping community structure of structural brain network in young healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020554","article-title":"Imagination of dynamic exercise produced ventilatory responses which were more apparent in competitive sportsmen","volume":"482","author":"Wuyam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000201","article-title":"Endogenous rhythms influence interpersonal synchrony","volume":"42","author":"Zamm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2152","article-title":"When the brain plays music: auditory\u2013motor interactions in music perception and production","volume":"8","author":"Zatorre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1836447\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:39:14Z","timestamp":1785821954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1836447\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":132,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1836447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1836447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"1836447"}}