{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:03:41Z","timestamp":1784783021178,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The assessment of sports performance in youth football requires culturally appropriate and psychometrically sound instruments. The Sports Performance Questionnaire (SPQ) was developed to evaluate performance-related characteristics in youth football players, but its cross-cultural validity in Chinese contexts remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to validate the Chinese adaptation of the Sports Performance Questionnaire (SPQ-C) among adolescent football players and examine its factorial structure, reliability, and validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional validation study was conducted with 450 adolescent football players (52.2% male, mean age\u202f=\u202f12.94\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.78\u202fyears) from 24 schools across urban areas of Shandong Province, China. The SPQ-C was administered as a coach-rating instrument, consistent with the format of the original SPQ. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the original two-factor structure and a unidimensional model. Reliability and validity were assessed using established psychometric criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The original two-factor model showed broadly adequate global fit; however, it was not retained because the correlation between the Persistence and Skill factors was extremely high (r\u202f=\u202f0.996), indicating empirical indistinguishability and a lack of discriminant validity. The unidimensional model was therefore retained as the final SPQ-C structure. The final model showed adequate global fit, although the RMSEA value was slightly above the stringent good-fit threshold. The SPQ-C demonstrated excellent internal consistency (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.932), satisfactory convergent validity (AVE\u202f=\u202f0.559, CR\u202f=\u202f0.932), and high preliminary test\u2013retest reliability in a single-school subsample (ICC\u202f=\u202f0.935). Standardized factor loadings ranged from 0.609 to 0.841.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SPQ-C provides preliminary evidence of reliability and validity as a unidimensional coach-rated instrument for assessing performance-related characteristics in Chinese adolescent football players from urban areas of Shandong Province. The findings suggest that, in the present Chinese coach-rating context, persistence- and skill-related indicators were not empirically separable. Further validation is needed in more geographically diverse samples and with larger multi-school test\u2013retest subsamples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1837560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:29:54Z","timestamp":1784780994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-cultural validation of the sports performance questionnaire in Chinese adolescent football players: a confirmatory factor analysis study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Shuai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Sports Social Science Research Institute, Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences. Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Cheng","family":"Kueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences. Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoshen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences. Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Shanghai University of Sport","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2013.769614","article-title":"Personality in sport: a comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. 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