{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:15:55Z","timestamp":1788156955018,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the relationship between interparental conflict and online flaming among Chinese adolescents, to test the mediating effects of psychological stress and online disinhibition (including toxic disinhibition and benign disinhibition) in this relationship, and to further explore gender differences in these mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using convenience sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1,096 adolescents, all of whom completed self-report measures of interparental conflict characteristics, online flaming, psychological stress, and online disinhibition. Based on the survey data, a chain mediation model was constructed and fitted through structural equation modeling, and gender differences in the overall model as well as in path coefficients were examined via multi-group analysis and pairwise comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interparental conflict positively predicted adolescents' online flaming. Psychological stress, toxic online disinhibition, and benign online disinhibition each mediated this relationship. Furthermore, psychological stress and the two types of online disinhibition jointly formed two chain mediating pathways: \u201cinterparental conflict \u2192 psychological stress \u2192 toxic online disinhibition \u2192 online flaming\u201d and \u201cinterparental conflict \u2192 psychological stress \u2192 benign online disinhibition \u2192 online flaming.\u201d Although the overall hypothesized model showed no significant gender differences, both the direct effect of interparental conflict on psychological stress and the indirect effect of toxic online disinhibition in the interparental conflict\u2013online flaming link were stronger for males than for females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals the underlying mechanisms through which interparental conflict contributes to adolescents' online flaming, indicating that intervening in interparental conflict, alleviating psychological stress, and reducing online disinhibition are effective ways to decrease such behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1840562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:41:11Z","timestamp":1788154871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interparental conflict and adolescent online flaming: the chain mediating roles of psychological stress and online disinhibition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Suizhi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Research Base for Adolescent Psychological Development and Education, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Research Base for Adolescent Psychological Development and Education, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finance Office, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]},{"name":"Finance Office, Qiongtai Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x","article-title":"Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency*","volume":"30","author":"Agnew","year":"1992","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315130620-4","article-title":"\u201cGeneral strain theory: current status and directions for further research,\u201d","volume-title":"Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory","author":"Agnew","year":"2017"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00190-2","article-title":"Flaming in electronic communication","volume":"36","author":"Alonzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v26i3.11547","article-title":"Hostility online: flaming, trolling, and the public debate","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Social Learning Theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1977"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x","article-title":"Social learning theory of aggression","volume":"28","author":"Bandura","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x","article-title":"The strength model of self-control","volume":"16","author":"Baumeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. B"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.010","article-title":"Nasty online comments anger you more than me, but nice ones make me as happy as you","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.024","article-title":"How do negative emotions impair self-control? A neural model of negative urgency","volume":"132","author":"Chester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"554","article-title":"The revision of children's perception of marital conflict scale","author":"Chi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112978","article-title":"Examining the longitudinal relationship between family conflict and bullying in chinese children: the serial mediating roles of personal mastery and social anxiety","volume":"236","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-023-01791-w","article-title":"Life stress and cyberbullying: examining the mediating roles of expressive suppression and online disinhibition","volume":"52","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0355","article-title":"The mainstreaming of verbally aggressive online political behaviors","volume":"18","author":"Cicchirillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/08934215.2019.1607516","article-title":"Anonymity and online self-disclosure: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Clark-Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.06.043","article-title":"The dark side of Facebook\u00ae: the dark tetrad, negative social potency, and trolling behaviours","volume":"102","author":"Craker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.387","article-title":"Marital conflict and child adjustment: an emotional security hypothesis","volume":"116","author":"Davies","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.065","article-title":"Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European cyberbullying intervention project questionnaire","volume":"50","author":"Del Rey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00363.x","article-title":"Self-control inhibits aggression","volume":"5","author":"DeWall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04207-z","article-title":"Why do we fall in love with idols: a qualitative study on motivational changes in the process of idol worship among chinese adolescents and young adults","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00074","article-title":"How do cumulative family risks influence the trajectory of problematic social media use among chinese adolescents: a three-year longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Dou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249222.n49","article-title":"\u201cSocial role theory,\u201d","volume-title":"Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology","author":"Eagly","year":"2012"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2009.00535.x","article-title":"Early life stress, MAOA, and gene-environment interactions predict behavioral disinhibition in children","volume":"9","author":"Enoch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.118.1.108","article-title":"Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: a meta-analytic review","volume":"118","author":"Erel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019695015110","article-title":"Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: a framework for prevention","volume":"5","author":"Feinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-009-0130-4","article-title":"Enhancing coparenting, parenting, and child self-regulation: effects of family foundations 1 year after birth","volume":"10","author":"Feinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21904","article-title":"Social media reduce users' moral sensitivity: online shaming as a possible consequence","volume":"46","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.23217","article-title":"The mediating role of self-control between stress and procrastination among adolescents: examining the ego depletion theory","volume":"61","author":"Gokalp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2307\/1131346","article-title":"Assessing marital conflict from the child's perspective: the children's perception of interparental conflict scale","volume":"63","author":"Grych","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1515\/jplr.2010.011","article-title":"Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: from user discussions to academic definitions","volume":"6","author":"Hardaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Politeness Res. Lang. Behav. Cult."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107084","article-title":"Parental conflict and cyberbullying among chinese adolescents: a moderated mediation analysis","volume":"152","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04998-z","article-title":"The relationship between parental conflict and adolescent cyberbullying: the roles of parent-child attachment and core self-evaluation","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12493","article-title":"Adolescent family conflict as a predictor of relationship quality in emerging adulthood","volume":"69","author":"Heinze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fam. Relat."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106338","article-title":"How students react to different cyberbullying events: past experience, judgment, perceived seriousness, helping behavior and the effect of online disinhibition","volume":"110","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-015-9362-0","article-title":"Flaming? What flaming? The pitfalls and potentials of researching online hostility","volume":"17","author":"Jane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.007","article-title":"Does the offline bully-victimization influence cyberbullying behavior among youths? Application of general strain theory","volume":"31","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"43","article-title":"\u201cCauses and implications of disinhibited behavior on the internet,\u201d","author":"Joinson","year":"1998"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Jorgensen\n              T. D.\n            \n            \n              Pornprasertmanit\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Schoemann\n              A. M.\n            \n            \n              Rosseel\n              Y.\n            \n            \n              Miller\n              P.\n            \n            \n              Quick\n              C.\n            \n          \n          semTools: Useful Tools for Structural Equation Modeling\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0854-x","article-title":"Interparental conflict and adolescents' relational aggression and loneliness: the mediating role of maternal psychological control","volume":"26","author":"Ko\u00e7ak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035618","article-title":"Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth","volume":"140","author":"Kowalski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000437","article-title":"Interparental conflict and child HPA-axis responses to acute stress: insights using intensive repeated measures","volume":"32","author":"Kuhlman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.027","article-title":"\u2018I did it for the LULZ': how the dark personality predicts online disinhibition and aggressive online behavior in adolescence","volume":"98","author":"Kurek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-02-2017-0072","article-title":"Is offensive commenting contagious online? Examining public vs interpersonal swearing in response to donald trump's YouTube campaign videos","volume":"27","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.10.014","article-title":"Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition","volume":"28","author":"Lapidot-Lefler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"An Empirical and Theoretical Research on Adolescents' Online Deviant Behaviors","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"95","article-title":"Characteristics and prospects of the adolescents' deviant behaviors on internet","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-025-03017-y","article-title":"Interparental conflict and aggressive behavior among senior primary school students: a short-term longitudinal analysis","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"82","article-title":"The relationship between negative life events and reactive aggression in childhood: a structural equation model with multiple mediators","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Psychol. Behav"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074476","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1074476","article-title":"Effects of stress on school bullying behavior among secondary school students: moderating effects of gender and grade level","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0210","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of internet trolling","volume":"22","author":"March","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20563051241274669","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051241274669","article-title":"Online disinhibition, normative hostility, and banal toxicity: young people's negative online gaming conduct","volume":"10","author":"Meril\u00e4inen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Media Soc."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00049","article-title":"Intergroup biases in fear- induced aggression","volume":"8","author":"Mifune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0102-z","article-title":"Effects of a brief psychoeducational intervention for family conflict: constructive conflict, emotional insecurity and child adjustment","volume":"44","author":"Miller-Graff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zmae001","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmae001","article-title":"Signaling outrage is a signal about the sender: moral perceptions of online flaming","volume":"29","author":"Monge","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.005","article-title":"Anonymity and roles associated with aggressive posts in an online forum","volume":"28","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0005","article-title":"The disinhibiting effects of anonymity increase online trolling","volume":"25","author":"Nitschinsk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2021.1976882","article-title":"Daily effects of face-to-face and cyber incivility via sadness, anger and fear","volume":"36","author":"Niven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013612","article-title":"The development and validation of the meanings of adolescent masculinity scale","volume":"10","author":"Oransky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Men Masc."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70679","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70679","article-title":"Unveiling the mechanisms of academic burnout: a multi-method study on academic stress, self-control and teacher expectations","volume":"61","author":"Ouyang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.04.007","article-title":"Aggressive and stressed? Youth's aggressive behaviors in light of their internet use, sensation seeking, stress and social feelings","volume":"77","author":"Piko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000295","article-title":"Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Pinquart","year":"","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/01494929.2016.1247761","article-title":"Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Pinquart","year":"","journal-title":"Marriage Fam. Rev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051231180638","article-title":"Incivility in online discussion: an examination of impolite and intolerant comments","volume":"9","author":"Rega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Media Soc"},{"key":"B67","unstructured":"Revelle\n              W.\n            \n          \n          Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"Rosseel\n              Y.\n            \n            \n              Jorgensen\n              T. D.\n            \n            \n              Wilde\n              L. D.\n            \n            \n              Oberski\n              D.\n            \n            \n              Byrnes\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Vanbrabant\n              L.\n            \n          \n          Lavaan: Latent Variable Analysis\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.62872\/pj.v1i3.523","article-title":"Online disinhibition effect and verbal aggressive behavior on social","volume":"1","author":"Samsidar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psikologiya J."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000294","article-title":"Hate speech as an indicator for the state of the society: effects of hateful user comments on perceived social dynamics","volume":"34","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Media Psychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-021-00109-3","article-title":"Body shaming: an exploratory study on its definition and classification","volume":"5","author":"Schl\u00fcter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Bullying Prev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0250","article-title":"What predicts online disinhibition? Examining perceptions of protection and control online and the moderating role of social anxiety","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsych. Behav. Soc. Netw"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4018\/ijcbpl.2013100102","article-title":"Social capital, self-esteem, popularity, need for accessibility to friends, and stress predict cyber technology use","volume":"3","author":"Soysa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/1094931041291295","article-title":"The online disinhibition effect","volume":"7","author":"Suler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2026.106227","article-title":"Adolescent identity and social worlds in online fan community: evidence from text analysis and grounded theory among chinese high school students","volume":"263","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509354516","article-title":"Family conflict and childhood aggression: the role of child anxiety","volume":"25","author":"Tanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565211030461","article-title":"Digital hostility, internet pile-ons and shaming: a case study","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Converg. Int. J. Res. New Media Technol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.09.036","article-title":"Cyberbullying among high school students in Japan: development and validation of the online disinhibition scale","volume":"41","author":"Udris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B79","first-page":"81","article-title":"Conditions and mechanisms: a social mentality perspective on online violence","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Explor. Free Views"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"323","article-title":"The effects of marital quality on children's pro-social behavior: the chain mediating model of parental positive emotion expression, parenting behavior and the gender difference","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2026.101949","article-title":"Why violence evolves? Longitudinal contributions of perceived interparental conflict to adolescent cyberbullying perpetration: the mediating role of psychological entitlement","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/18344909221102579","article-title":"Impacts of the psychological stress response on aggression in adolescents during the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pac. Rim Psychol."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"204","article-title":"Preliminary work for modeling questionnaire data","volume":"41","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243287001002002","article-title":"Doing gender","volume":"1","author":"West","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gend. Soc."},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress","author":"Willard","year":"2007"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393211065868","article-title":"Cybervictimization, social, and financial strains influence internet trolling behaviors: a general strain theory perspective","volume":"41","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0046","article-title":"Online disinhibition and online trolling among chinese college students: the mediation of the dark triad and the moderation of gender","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"1859","article-title":"Item parceling strategies in structural equation modeling","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107420","article-title":"Longitudinal associations among peer pressure, moral disengagement and cyberbullying perpetration in adolescents","volume":"137","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32604\/ijmhp.2025.073529","article-title":"The relationship between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence: a chain mediation model","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Promot."},{"key":"B91","first-page":"56","article-title":"\u201cHU-PEN\u201d group: on-orbit identity construction of youth groups' language deviant behavior","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"B92","first-page":"11","article-title":"An epidemiological study on stress among urban residents in social transition period","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0393","article-title":"Hostility in the real world and online: the effect of internet addiction, depression, and online activity","volume":"14","author":"Yen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Yin","year":"2023","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2798320\/v1"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17544750.2025.2562127","article-title":"Perceived stress increases online aggressive behavior among chinese adolescents: evidence from a moderated mediation analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Commun."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2022-3-5","article-title":"Witnessing intimate partner violence and cyberbullying among chinese adolescents: the mediating effect of self-control and moderating effect of parental psychological control","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. J. Psychosoc. Res. Cybersp."},{"key":"B97","first-page":"148","article-title":"Peer victimization and cyberbullying: a mediating moderation model","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.012","article-title":"Interparental conflict and adolescent internet addiction: the mediating role of emotional insecurity and the moderating role of big five personality traits","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1840562\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:41:14Z","timestamp":1788154874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1840562\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1840562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1840562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"1840562"}}