{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:23:19Z","timestamp":1787289799704,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reinforcement sensitivity theory highlights the crucial role of two systems: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS) in explaining one\u2019s tendency to respond to positive or adverse stimuli in diverse contexts, including educational. However, there is a lack of measurements that capture the punishment mechanism underlying students\u2019 reactions when confronted with others\u2019 opinions on their school failures. The research project aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the students\u2019 punishment sensitivity (SPS-PL) in the educational context, originally developed for a Turkish sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 548 students aged 12\u201315\u202fyears (53.1% boys) from randomly chosen public schools participated in the study. We used instruments that measure students\u2019 punishment sensitivity (SPS-PL Scale) and school burnout (ESSBS). The factor structure (CFA), reliability, and validity analyses were performed. We also tested measurement invariance across gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CFA indicated acceptable goodness of fit indexes for the three-factor structure of the Students Punishment Sensitivity construct with domains such as: Inhibition due to punishment (IDP), Negative attitudes towards punishment contexts (NATPC), Regulatory Effect of Punishment (REP). The SPS-PL Total Score and IDP demonstrated acceptable reliability (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>\u0277<\/jats:italic>\n                      over 0.80), while for NATCP and REP were\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265\u202f0.67\/\n                      <jats:italic>\u0277<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265\u202f0.68. We evidenced its discriminant and convergent validity, i.e., the HTMT correlations over 0.30, and positive correlations between punishment sensitivity indicators and school burnout. A higher punishment sensitivity was related to poor quality of relationships with classmates, teachers, and parents. Full configural and metric invariance, a well as partial scalar and strict invariance across gender were confirmed. The findings also indicate that girls scores higher in SPS \u2013 PL Total score, IDP, and REP than boys.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies on students\u2019 punishment sensitivity in the context of school failure are scarce. At the same time, these adverse experiences may directly affect young people\u2019s educational outcomes and seriously reduce their chances for flourishing development in the future. The research will enable scholars with a valid instrument that allows for a better understanding of this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1850295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:23:07Z","timestamp":1787286187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of the Polish adaptation of the Students\u2019 Punishment Sensitivity Scale in an educational context"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Tomaszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski","place":["Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Muchacka-Cymerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Humanitas University in Sosnowiec","place":["Sosnowiec, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref9001","volume-title":"An introduction to motivation","author":"Atkinson","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Sensitivity to punishment in the academic context: it\u2019s relationship with locus of control, gender, and grade level","volume":"11","author":"Aypay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Theory Pract. Educ."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.15390\/eb.2018.6909","article-title":"Predictive relationships among reward addiction - punishment sensitivity and reward addiction - school burnout in middle school","volume":"43","author":"Aypay","year":"","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.14527\/kuey.2018.006","article-title":"The relationship between punishment sensitivity to affection to school and school burnout","volume":"24","author":"Aypay","year":"","journal-title":"Educ Adminis Theory Pract J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2022.104247","article-title":"Sensitivity to teachers\u2019 punishment and social affiliation with teachers: unique and interactive effects to callous-unemotional traits among preadolescents","volume":"99","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Bentler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures","volume":"88","author":"Bentler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.11.009","article-title":"Gender Disparities in Fear of Failure among 15-Year-Old Students: The Role of Gender Inequality, the Organisation of Schooling and Economic Conditions","volume":"86","author":"Borgonovi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1021\/ed5005195","article-title":"Students\u2019 understandings of acid strength: How meaningful is reliability when measuring alternative conceptions?","volume":"92","author":"Bretz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-00986-4","article-title":"Understanding girls\u2019 disengagement: identifying patterns and the role of teacher and peer support using latent growth modeling","volume":"48","author":"Burns","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947400700408","article-title":"Sex differences in response to school failure","volume":"7","author":"Caplan","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.08.016","article-title":"Multiple mediators of reward and punishment sensitivity on loneliness","volume":"72","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511819384","volume-title":"The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality","author":"Corr","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17387120","article-title":"From model to interpretation: a comprehensive and critical guide to PLS-SEM implementation in scientific research","volume":"1","author":"Darwisman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Int Manag Bus"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00355-025-01596-9","article-title":"Punishment for intentions or outcomes: the role of gender and social norms","volume":"65","author":"Dato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Choice Welf."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00857","article-title":"How does social behavior relate to both grades and achievement scores?","volume":"9","author":"DeVries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00618-3","article-title":"Sex differences in neural responses to reward and the influences of individual reward and punishment sensitivity","volume":"22","author":"Dhingra","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.58425\/ijpce.v4i2.374","article-title":"Punitive practices: accentuating violent behavior towards classmates in high schools in Cameroon","volume":"4","author":"Douanla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Cognit Educ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190935726.001.0001","volume-title":"Nurturing Our Humanity: How Domination And Partnership Shape Our Brains, Lives, and Future","author":"Eisler","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203262024","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of fear of failure","volume":"30","author":"Elliot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personal Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0138-2","article-title":"Reward and punishment sensitivity and disordered eating behaviors in men and women","volume":"5","author":"Eneva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.70177\/ijen.v3i2.2158","article-title":"The influence of reward and punishment systems on student discipline","volume":"3","author":"Erdogan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Educ Narrat"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131837","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1131837","article-title":"Gender differences in competitiveness and fear of failure help explain why girls have lower life satisfaction than boys in gender equal countries","volume":"14","author":"Eriksson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737117","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.737117","article-title":"Bridging classical and revised reinforcement sensitivity theory research: a longitudinal analysis of a large population study","volume":"12","author":"Espinoza Oyarce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh","article-title":"Reinforcement-sensitive personality traits associated with passion in heterosexual intimate relationships: an fNIRS investigation","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.62051\/ijsspa.v4n1.51","article-title":"Causes and solutions to adolescent aversion to learning","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Soc Sci Public Adminis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1660998","article-title":"The teacher\u2013student relationship and adolescents\u2019 sense of school belonging","volume":"25","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Youth"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13563.2","article-title":"Disciplinary behaviour management strategies in schools and their impact on student psychosocial outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Ijaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res.,"},{"key":"ref9003","first-page":"331","article-title":"Truancy among Malaysian students: An analysis based on ethnicity","volume":"2","author":"Ishak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching and Education"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0047-3","article-title":"Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of punishment: implications for psychiatric disorders","volume":"43","author":"Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14221\/ajte.2018v43n2.2","article-title":"Teenagers perceptions of teachers: a developmental argument","volume":"43","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/13632752.2023.2255403","article-title":"Punitive behaviour management policies and practices in secondary schools: a systematic review of children and young people\u2019s perceptions and experiences","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emot. Behav. Diffic."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/future4020017","article-title":"The hypothetical role of repression\u2013sensitization in the development and maintenance of school burnout: a theoretical analysis","volume":"4","author":"Kleszczewska-Albi\u0144ska","year":"2026","journal-title":"Future"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00654-3","article-title":"Attentional Bias for cues signaling punishment and reward in adolescents: cross-sectional and prognostic associations with symptoms of anxiety and behavioral disorders","volume":"48","author":"Kreuze","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22865","article-title":"The effect of teacher, parental, and peer support on later grade point average: the mediating roles of self-beliefs","volume":"60","author":"Kristensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.04.013","article-title":"Sex differences in externalizing and internalizing traits and ventral striatal responses to monetary loss","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825902","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.825902","article-title":"How students' motivation and learning experience affect their service-learning outcomes: a structural equation modeling analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/future2040016","article-title":"Feedback sensitivity, scholastic adjustment and prosocial behavior: the mediation effect of academic self-efficacy","volume":"2","author":"Lunetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20243616","DOI":"10.47626\/1516-4446-2024-3616","article-title":"Internalizing problems can differ in boys and girls since early childhood: findings from the child behavioral checklist 1.5-5","volume":"47","author":"Maldonado-Martinez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271420","article-title":"The shame of failure: examining the link between fear of failure and shame","volume":"31","author":"McGregor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.24042\/00202471958800","article-title":"Between punishment and discipline: student perceptions and the application of punishment toward student discipline","volume":"7","author":"Mulyati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anfusina J Psychol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.12775\/PBE.2020.020","article-title":"Rebellion of school-age youth in Poland","volume":"31","author":"Murawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ Stud Rev"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800903366945","article-title":"The importance of the repressive coping style: findings from 30 years of research","volume":"23","author":"Myers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.55544\/ijrah.4.2.12","article-title":"The role of motivation in the better learning of students","volume":"4","author":"Natiqi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Res Arts Human"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/0042085918801433","article-title":"School punishment and education: racial\/ethnic disparities with grade retention and the role of urbanicity","volume":"56","author":"Peguero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Educ."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3126\/eltp.v7i1-2.47412","article-title":"Punishment in English language classroom: forms and effects","volume":"7","author":"Poudel","year":"2022","journal-title":"English Lang Teach Perspect"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13233053","article-title":"Gendered attitudes toward corporal punishment: implications for prevention of mental health problems in youth","volume":"13","author":"Rajter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"The Effects of Rejection Sensitivity on Attention and Performance Monitoring Event-Related Potentials. East Tennessee State University (Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Paper 4048)","author":"Ridley","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Ringle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01229.x","article-title":"Age, sex and individual differences in punishment sensitivity: factors influencing the feedback-related negativity","volume":"48","author":"Santesso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00087-4","article-title":"Sensitivity to punishment and self-control: the mediating role of emotion","volume":"36","author":"Slessareva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13466","article-title":"Neurobiological sensitivity to social rewards and punishments moderates link between peer norms and adolescent risk taking","volume":"92","author":"Telzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.24425\/ppb.2020.133767","article-title":"Why is it important to engage students in school activities? Examining the mediation effect of student school engagement on the relationships between student alienation and school burnout","volume":"51","author":"Tomaszek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214107","article-title":"Sex differences in the relationship between student school burnout and problematic internet use among adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Tomaszek","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4467\/25439561.NP.19.046.12289","article-title":"Zastosowanie skali ESSBS w badaniach uczni\u00f3w ze szk\u00f3\u0142 podstawowych","volume":"36","author":"Tomaszek","year":"","journal-title":"Niepe\u0142nosprawno\u015b\u0107"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24901-z","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in students\u2019 reward addiction and punishment oversensitivity, self-regulation, school burnout, and cyber-aggression","volume":"15","author":"Tomaszek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00186","article-title":"Punishment sensitivity modulates the processing of negative feedback but not error-induced learning","volume":"6","author":"Unger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.005","article-title":"The Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model and the development of callous-unemotional traits","volume":"107","author":"Waller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14840","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214840","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between teacher-student relationships and prosocial behavior in adolescence: the mediating role of basic need satisfaction","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01293-z","article-title":"Which boys and which girls are falling behind? Linking adolescents\u2019 gender role profiles to motivation, engagement, and achievement","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Youth Adoles"},{"key":"ref9005","first-page":"12","article-title":"Holistic Professional Development of Teachers in the Artificial Intelligence Era","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education Special Contribution"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1850295\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:23:09Z","timestamp":1787286189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1850295\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1850295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1850295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"article-number":"1850295"}}