{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:10:50Z","timestamp":1790143850563,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the long-term psychological and identity consequences of forced displacement on the Nubian community resettled in Kom Ombo, Aswan, over six decades after the construction of the Aswan High Dam, one of the most significant cases of development-induced displacement in the Arab world. The study addresses two research questions: what are the psychological impacts of forced displacement on the sense of belonging among the Nubian community resettled in Kom Ombo, and what psychological and identity patterns does forced displacement reveal among the Nubian community, and how does cultural identity function as a mediator and moderator in the relationship between alienation and belonging. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining a quantitative survey (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f382) with in-depth interviews (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f30) and key informant interviews (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f30). Statistical analyses included exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, MANOVA, and mediation and moderation analyses, complemented by thematic analysis of qualitative data. Findings revealed four psychological dimensions of displacement-related distress and four distinct adaptation profiles. Persistent alienation was reported by 34.6%, and loss of inner security by 44.2%, while 47.9% reported partial identity loss, and 48.2% actively preserved the Nubian language. MANOVA identified education level (Wilks\u2019 \u039b\u202f=\u202f0.897,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.001) and marital status (Wilks\u2019 \u039b\u202f=\u202f0.919,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.001) as the only significant demographic predictors. A counterintuitive positive association between alienation and belonging was identified: higher alienation from mainstream society was associated with stronger attachment to the Nubian community (\u03b2\u202f=\u202f0.250,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.001). A significant indirect association between Cultural Identity and Belonging through Alienation was identified, with Alienation accounting for 26.5% of the statistical association (Sobel Z\u202f=\u202f3.24,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.001). Cultural Identity also significantly moderated the Alienation\u2013Belonging relationship (\u03b2\u202f=\u202f\u22120.143,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.028). Qualitative findings further illustrated that nostalgia, language preservation, and communal practices function as active strategies for cultural resistance and identity maintenance. The study concludes that post-displacement Nubian identity is dynamically negotiated between loss and resistance, and that cultural strength constitutes a genuine psychosocial resource. Differentiated interventions informed by psychological profiles and grounded in cultural recognition are recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1852510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:50:30Z","timestamp":1790142630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term psychological consequences of forced displacement: identity and belonging in Egypt\u2019s resettled Nubian community"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shimaa","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Hohai University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Monash University","place":["Clayton, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edris","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong","place":["Chittagong, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Hohai University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14306","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/01728-9","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences","author":"Abrams","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/h8010024","article-title":"Nubia still exists: on the utility of the nostalgic space","volume":"8","author":"Agha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Humanities"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2025.2548403","article-title":"Forced to move, forced to change: family identity and role redefinition in forced migration","volume":"41","author":"Alhanouti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"60","article-title":"The project of displacement and resettlement of the Nubian people following the construction of the high dam","volume":"41","author":"Allam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fac. Arts Qena"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5958\/2456-8023.2018.00012.8","article-title":"Resettlement and rehabilitation: policy imprecision in India","volume":"7","author":"Bose","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polit. Govern."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stae.2022.100011","article-title":"Organizational sustainability identity: \u2018new work\u2019 of home offices and coworking spaces as facilitators","volume":"1","author":"Bouncken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Technol. Entrepreneurship"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2016.05.008","article-title":"In-group favoritism and moral decision-making","volume":"128","author":"Cadsby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(97)00054-5","article-title":"The risks and reconstruction model for resettling displaced populations","volume":"25","author":"Cernea","year":"1997","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-4444-7","volume-title":"Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees","author":"Cernea","year":""},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.2307\/4409836","article-title":"Risks, safeguards, and reconstruction: a model for population displacement and resettlement","volume":"35","author":"Cernea","year":"","journal-title":"Econ. Polit. Wkly."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123461","article-title":"Doing right at home: do hometown CEOs curb corporate misconduct?","volume":"205","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106888","article-title":"To leave or not to leave? \u2018Intention\u2019 is the question. Investigating farmers\u2019 decision behaviours of participating in contemporary China\u2019s rural resettlement programme","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.37096\/SHDISJ-24-1.1-0007","article-title":"Social cohesion in host communities in the context of social work","volume":"6","author":"Chuiko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Hum. Dev. Int. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.018","article-title":"Longing to belong: social inclusion and wellbeing among youth with refugee backgrounds in the first three years in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"71","author":"Correa-Velez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101838","article-title":"Identified and engaged: a multi-level dynamic model of identification with the group and performance in collaborative learning","volume":"78","author":"Cur\u015feu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Dams, People and Development","author":"Fahim","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020743800027422","article-title":"Change in religion in a resettled Nubian community, Upper Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Fahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Middle East Stud."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976231223416","article-title":"Devaluation by omission: limited identity options elicit anger and increase identification","volume":"35","author":"Fath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.62718\/vmca.ssl-wjhdsr.2.1.SC-0724-009","article-title":"Rethinking and reintegrating the nostalgia of displacement: a literature review","volume":"2","author":"Gallamaso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Lens"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Dams, Displacement and Development in Narratives of the Nubian Awakening","author":"Gilmore","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"The Dictionary of Human Geography","author":"Gregory","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/1163620","article-title":"Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs","volume":"11","author":"Greene","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educ. Eval. Policy Anal."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3538211","article-title":"Dam-induced displacement and resettlement: a literature review","author":"Hay","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref9002","volume-title":"A Short Introduction to Social Research","author":"Henn","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29869-6_1","volume-title":"Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory: Contemporary Global Perspectives","author":"Hogg","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.3390\/su10114018","article-title":"Social impacts of dam-induced displacement and resettlement: a comparative case study in China","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2016.1206454","article-title":"Human rights and Nubian mobilisation in Egypt: towards recognition of indigeneity","volume":"38","author":"Janmyr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Third World Q."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4000\/ema.14794","article-title":"Lamenting old Nubia through music: between past and present, Egypt and the diaspora","volume":"23","author":"Kaddal","year":"2021","journal-title":"\u00c9gypte\/Monde arabe"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2026.106007","article-title":"Factors influencing return migration after disaster relocation: housing dissatisfaction and place attachment in the 2021 mount Semeru eruption, Indonesia","volume":"133","author":"Kamila","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123106","article-title":"Unlocking society\u2019s standings in artificial intelligence","volume":"200","author":"Kanzola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2016.02.007","article-title":"Cleaning up the big muddy: a meta-synthesis of the research on the social impact of dams","volume":"60","author":"Kirchherr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-6179-5_2","volume-title":"Forced Migration and Urban Transformation in South Asia","author":"Lakshman","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003165774-17","volume-title":"Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement in Vietnam","author":"Le Hang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/fillm.8","volume-title":"Narrative, Identity, and the City: Filipino Stories of Dislocation and Relocation","author":"Lejano","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203253466","article-title":"Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice","volume":"29","author":"McCoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367198459-REPRW107-1","volume-title":"Dislocation and Social Change","author":"McGrath","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2018_280","volume-title":"Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5296\/jad.v5i1.14423","article-title":"Addressing the livelihood of non-resettlers in dam-induced \u201cdetached\u201d areas: the case of the Shichikashuku dam","volume":"5","author":"Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asian Dev."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805452-9.00004-7","volume-title":"Redefining Diversity and Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 3","author":"Nhung","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2019.02.006","article-title":"Livelihood impacts of displacement and resettlement on informal households - a case study from Kigali, Rwanda","volume":"86","author":"Nikuze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2024.101499","article-title":"Critical factors impacting psychosocial well-being of mining-induced displaced and resettled persons in Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Opoku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Extr. Ind. Soc."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.24.1.1","article-title":"Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology","volume":"24","author":"Portes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455328X231187214","DOI":"10.1177\/2455328X231187214","article-title":"Unearthing the conflict of induced displacement of Dalits and Tribals in Kashipur: critical insight into Utkal alumina international limited operation","author":"Priyadarshini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Voice Dalit"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351188753","volume-title":"India Migration Report 2017: Forced Migration","author":"Rajan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354067X251366683","DOI":"10.1177\/1354067X251366683","article-title":"(Dis)location and identity: understanding the construction of Tibetan refugee identity in youth living in India","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2024.103530","article-title":"Displaced futures or futures in displacement? Anticipations around the proposed high grand falls dam in Kenya","volume":"166","author":"Rieber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2009.09.006","article-title":"Defining place attachment: a tripartite organizing framework","volume":"30","author":"Scannell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"The Future of large dams: Dealing with social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs","author":"Scudder","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1935-7","volume-title":"Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians","author":"Scudder","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02036-7","article-title":"The resettlement journey: understanding the role of social connectedness on well-being and life satisfaction among (Im)migrants and refugees: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203505984-16","volume-title":"Political Psychology","author":"Tajfel","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103501","article-title":"Integration of migrants in poverty alleviation resettlement to urban China","volume":"120","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060401","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1060401","article-title":"A coupled and coordinated analysis in livelihoods of poverty alleviation migrants from a just transition perspective","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781506335193","volume-title":"SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research","author":"Tashakkori","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.008","article-title":"Dams and population displacement on China\u2019s upper Mekong River: implications for social capital and social\u2013ecological resilience","volume":"36","author":"Tilt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260042","DOI":"10.3389\/fhumd.2023.1260042","article-title":"\u201cWhen a bad thing happens\u2026you are better only when you are home:\u201d alienation and mental health challenges experienced by Congolese and Somali migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Dyn."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9758-5","article-title":"Relocation stress, coping, and sense of control among resettlers resulting from China\u2019s three gorges dam project","volume":"104","author":"Xi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106043","article-title":"Sustainability of what, for whom? A critical analysis of Chinese development induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) programs","volume":"115","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.06.070","article-title":"Long term impact of Wenchuan earthquake on population mental and behavioral disorders in heavily-stricken areas: an ecological study based on big data","volume":"361","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70382\/ajasr.v9i6.057","article-title":"Impact of internal displacement and resettlement on social cohesion in Benue state, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Zamani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Arts Sociol. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1852510\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:50:34Z","timestamp":1790142634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1852510\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1852510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1852510","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1852510"}}