{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:04:39Z","timestamp":1789538679209,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The process of digital transformation has developed new educational systems that use technology-based tools, including learning management systems, artificial intelligence, and gamified systems, as well as digital teaching methods. The studies show incomplete evidence about how this phenomenon affects learning engagement, motivation, cognitive processes, self-regulation skills, and institutional performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize global evidence on the psychological perspectives of digital transformation in education, focusing on learning engagement, motivation, cognitive\/metacognitive processes, self-regulation, and institutional factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic meta-analysis was conducted to assess 42 studies that employed a random-effects model with the inverse variance method as their analysis approach. The odds ratios to calculate effect sizes, which included 95% confidence intervals. The subgroup analyses were about five different psychological and institutional domains. The assessment of heterogeneity used I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics, while the publication bias assessment relied on funnel plots and Egger\u2019s regression test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that digital transformation produced positive results in all areas which included learning engagement (OR\u202f=\u202f1.79, 95% CI: 1.68\u20131.91), motivation, affective psychology (OR\u202f=\u202f1.57, 95% CI: 1.21\u20132.03), cognitive and metacognitive psychology (OR\u202f=\u202f1.79, 95% CI: 1.60\u20132.02) and self-regulation and learning psychology (OR\u202f=\u202f1.66, 95% CI: 1.49\u20131.85) and institutional factors (OR\u202f=\u202f1.71, 95% CI: 1.48\u20131.97). High motivation and self-regulation showed high domain heterogeneity, while the other domains maintained their consistency. The study showed no publication bias except for cognitive and metacognitive studies, which showed asymmetrical findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital transformation in education brings about significant advantages for psychological and institutional results, which include better learning engagement and cognitive growth. The different factors that affect motivation and self-regulation show how contextual and pedagogical elements create an impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:31:06Z","timestamp":1789536666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital transformation in education: psychological perspectives on learning, engagement, and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pingping","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huanghe University of Science and Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21582440231219538","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231219538","article-title":"Smartphone addiction and subjective withdrawal effects: a three-day experimental study","volume":"13","author":"Aarestad","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.1137253","article-title":"Factors influencing online learning engagement: international students\u2019perspective and the role of institutional support","volume":"23","author":"Abubakar\u0131","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. Online J. Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.47297\/wspchrmWSP2040-800503.20251604","article-title":"Relationship between digital transformation indicator and job performance of employees in Saudi Arabian universities: a mediating role of employee engagement","volume":"16","author":"Alenezi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chin. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047035","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.1047035","article-title":"Digital transformation in times of crisis: challenges, attitudes, opportunities and lessons learned from students\u2019 and faculty members\u2019 perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Aljanazrah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14284","article-title":"Nomophobia among university students: prevalence, correlates, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia","volume":"9","author":"Al-Mamun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.38.3.c","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the online learning value and self-efficacy scale","volume":"38","author":"Artino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.58421\/gehu.v4i4.616","article-title":"Transforming teacher roles in Indonesia\u2019s digital era: enhancing learning effectiveness and student engagement","volume":"4","author":"Aspandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gen. Educ. Humanit."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1636088","article-title":"Online students\u2019 LMS activities and their effect on engagement, information literacy and academic performance","volume":"30","author":"Avc\u0131","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11995-z","article-title":"Investigating the antecedents of engagement in online learning: do achievement emotions matter?","volume":"29","author":"Bak\u0131r-Yal\u00e7\u0131n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2008.10.005","article-title":"Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments","volume":"12","author":"Barnard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543231167795","article-title":"The effect of digital game-based learning interventions on cognitive, metacognitive, and affective-motivational learning outcomes in school: a meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Barz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-09998-w","article-title":"Disengagement, engagement and digital skills in technology-enhanced learning","volume":"25","author":"Bergdahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-237X(200011)84:6<>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"The effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: a self-determination theory perspective","volume":"84","author":"Black","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104985","article-title":"Evaluating online learning engagement of nursing students","volume":"104","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S409294","article-title":"Transactional distance and college students\u2019 learning engagement in online learning: the chain mediating role of social presence and autonomous motivation","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2011.04.002","article-title":"An investigation of Taiwan university students' perceptions of online academic help seeking, and their web-based learning self-efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2017.04.001","article-title":"The effect of self-regulated learning on college students' perceptions of community of inquiry and affective outcomes in online learning","volume":"34","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-021-09571-9","article-title":"How can we support students\u2019 learning experiences in higher education? Campus wide course transformation program systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15081121","article-title":"Differential effects of short- and long-term negative affect on smartphone usage: the moderating role of locus of control","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315582065","article-title":"Digital games, design, and learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-009-9281-2","article-title":"Development of the Australasian survey of student engagement (AUSSE)","volume":"60","author":"Coates","year":"2010","journal-title":"High. Educ."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815118810238","article-title":"Self-regulation, engagement, and developmental functioning in preschool-aged children","volume":"41","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Early Interv."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n4","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v19i4.561","article-title":"Measuring student engagement in the online course: the online student engagement scale (OSE)","volume":"19","author":"Dixson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Online Learn."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2025.102135","article-title":"Self-determination theory perspectives on the influence of digital learning engagement on motivation in extracurricular learning activities: considering the mediating role of digital self-efficacy","volume":"90","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learn. Motiv."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2025.102204","article-title":"Linking mobility-supportive neighborhood environment to social relationships in older adults: the roles of social interaction and community type","volume":"45","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2024.2303484","article-title":"The relationship between learning engagement and learning outcomes in online learning in higher education: a meta-analysis study","volume":"45","author":"Doo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.105261","article-title":"Factors that affect student engagement in online learning in health professions education","volume":"110","author":"Elshami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"25","article-title":"Digital transformation in education: assessing the impact of e-learning platforms on student engagement in Romanian high schools","volume":"1","author":"Enachescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Analele Universitatii Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu\u2013Seria Litere si Stiinte Sociale"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11100608","article-title":"Revealing impact factors on student engagement: learning analytics adoption in online and blended courses in higher education","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.56916\/jirpe.v5i1.3268","article-title":"Implementing sustainable gamification strategies in elementary schools: a case study of digital transformation and student engagement","volume":"5","author":"Fatimah","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Innov Res Prim Educ"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6839","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086839","article-title":"The association between perceived teacher support, students\u2019 ICT self-efficacy, and online English academic engagement in the blended learning context","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-10-2025-1659","article-title":"Digital transformation and value co-creation in state-owned manufacturing enterprises: a hypernetwork perspective","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bus. Process. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104795","article-title":"Interaction during online classes fosters engagement with learning and self-directed study both in the first and second years of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"200","author":"Gherghel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Effective teaching strategies for student engagement in online education: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Gosain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Harbin Eng. Univ."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12781","article-title":"Understanding the evolution of cognitive engagement with interaction levels in online learning environments: insights from learning analytics and epistemic network analysis","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6835","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086835","article-title":"Predicting workforce engagement towards digital transformation through a multi-analytical approach","volume":"15","author":"Hizam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108788","article-title":"Self-shape congruency in the metaverse: how avatar geometry modulates emotional engagement and virtual consumption","volume":"173","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105213","article-title":"How does social support detected automatically in discussion forums relate to online learning burnout? The moderating role of students\u2019 self-regulated learning","volume":"227","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3390\/su18020944","article-title":"Toward sustainable learning: a multidimensional framework of AI integration, engagement, and digital resilience in Saudi higher education","volume":"18","author":"Jallali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16861","article-title":"National Survey on essential communication skills to address language demands in Canadian nursing practice","volume":"82","author":"Jang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233303","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1233303","article-title":"Investigating links between internet literacy, internet use, and internet addiction among Chinese youth and adolescents in the digital age","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107214","article-title":"Which built environment factors promote urban residents' climate change adaptive behaviors? Multi-group application of an exploratory framework via adaptive motivations' mediation","volume":"139","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-023-09667-5","article-title":"Digital transformation stands alongside inclusive education: lessons learned from a project called \u201cwaking up in the morning\u201d","volume":"31","author":"Kaimara","year":"2026","journal-title":"Technol. Knowl. Learn."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294350","article-title":"The impact of digital educational games on student\u2019s motivation for learning: the mediating effect of learning engagement and the moderating effect of the digital environment","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-025-06027-4","article-title":"Morality is for social being: the role of morality in social-adjustive functional attitudes toward counterfeit luxury consumption","volume":"204","author":"Lyu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3897\/ap.1.e1049","article-title":"Cognitive modelling of the socialization process as a digital transformation trend in higher education","volume":"1","author":"Maslennikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"ARPHA Proceedings"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-026-01266-7","article-title":"Psychological factors related to simulation and digital transformation in higher education in healthcare","volume":"5","author":"Moodley","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Educ."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15091192","article-title":"Digital and psychological well-being among technical university students: exploring the impact of digital engagement in higher education","volume":"15","author":"Neagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.46925\/\/rdluz.38.37","article-title":"Education as a factor of cognitive society development in the conditions of digital transformation","volume":"13","author":"Nikitenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Univ. Zulia"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065124","article-title":"The role of leadership and digital transformation in higher education students\u2019 work engagement","volume":"20","author":"Ni\u021b\u0103","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754080","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2026.1754080","article-title":"The effects of gamified AI-supported digital learning environments on personalized learning and student engagement in school education: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Niyazova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.52968\/15066007","article-title":"Impact of digital transformation in educational management: a study on teacher training and student engagement","volume":"1","author":"Olawumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interdiscip. J. Lifelong Learn."},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Using Research-based Learning on Barriers to Digital Transformation to Impact Student Engagement during a Pandemic","author":"Packmohr","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267939","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1267939","article-title":"Educational digital transformation: new technological challenges for competence development","volume":"8","author":"Palacios-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3823","article-title":"An ecological perspective of student engagement through digital technology: practical application and implications","volume":"48","author":"Pepple","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1108\/EJMBE-06-2022-0177","article-title":"Does digital transformation increase firms' productivity perception? The role of technostress and work engagement","volume":"33","author":"Picazo Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Manag. Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.66031\/jinea.v1i3.15","article-title":"Digital transformation in education: a literature review on psychological aspects of learning and pedagogical innovations","volume":"1","author":"Prayogi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JINEA"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-08-2025-0902","article-title":"Accessible tourism for tourists with visual impairment: the role of auditory perception in shaping behavioral attitudes","author":"Qiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmp.2026.101478","article-title":"Formation mechanisms of memorable tourism experiences in festival cruises: integrating grounded theory and fsQCA","volume":"62","author":"Qiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.64726\/1vsq8p94","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive skills for digital transformation: assessing metacognitive abilities in complex environments","volume":"22","author":"Raj","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2020.1848388","article-title":"A cognitive model of digital transformation and IS decision making","volume":"29","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2024.114371","article-title":"Time for a change! Uprooting users embedded in the status quo from habitual decision-making","volume":"189","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Decis. Support. Syst."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2026.101077","article-title":"Mapping the structure of student burnout in online learning: an integrated Gaussian model and directed acyclic graph approach","volume":"70","author":"Tu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.34021\/ve.2022.05.04(4)","article-title":"The role of digital transformation in education in promoting sustainable development","volume":"5","author":"Veckalne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Economics"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2026.114696","article-title":"AI-driven mental health therapy: a comparative study of emotional clarity and stigma reduction across journaling, human-guided therapy, and AI-guided therapy","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Decis. Support. Syst."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13594-6","article-title":"Insights for improvement: how lecturers\u2019 digital leadership drives student engagement in language learning","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1515\/iral-2024-0021","article-title":"What can multi-factors contribute to Chinese EFL learners\u2019 implicit L2 knowledge?","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Appl. Linguist. Lang. Teach."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2081208","article-title":"Children\u2019s cognitive abilities in the context of the digital transformation of basic education","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3779436","article-title":"KnowPath: an LLM-supported knowledge graph construction and path finding framework to explainable MOOC recommendations","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856031\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:31:07Z","timestamp":1789536667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856031\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"article-number":"1856031"}}