{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:15:26Z","timestamp":1788498926204,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While social-pragmatic comprehension has been studied from a number of perspectives, there are only a few studies that focus on cultural factors and their effect on the development of pragmatic processing skills. Previous studies have suggested that various communicative features and different communicative styles may be detected in individuals coming from different contextual backgrounds, even within Europe itself.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this light, the present study compared the performance of 150 Finnish and 150 Italian children matched for age and gender (age range 4\u20138\u202fyears) on the Pragma Test, a tool that measures social-pragmatic comprehension using structured protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results showed a similar developmental trend in pragmatic comprehension among the two groups, while data suggest the Finnish children performed slightly better across all the age groups, even if at age four and five the difference was less pronounced. A difference in performance emerged at age six and persisted until age eight. Italian and Finnish children performed similarly on questions assessing children\u2019s recognition of feelings in context. Differences were noted in questions on contextual processing not involving theory of mind and on understanding the relevant use of language. Finnish children slightly outperformed Italian children in explaining their correct answers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study enhances our understanding of the development of pragmatic comprehension from a cross-cultural perspective. It highlights universal underpinnings in pragmatic processing as well as some cultural influences that bear upon contextual processing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:24:34Z","timestamp":1788495874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does cultural context matter? Comparison of Finnish and Italian children\u2019s social-pragmatic comprehension"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Gabbatore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]},{"name":"GIPSI Research Group, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eeva","family":"Leinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University","place":["Maynooth, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"M\u00e4kinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu","place":["Oulu, Finland"]},{"name":"HLS-Fondo Oy","place":["Oulu, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Marina","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIPSI Research Group, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soile","family":"Loukusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu","place":["Oulu, Finland"]},{"name":"Finnish Association of Speech and Language Therapist","place":["Helsinki, Finland"]},{"name":"ComParte Oy","place":["Oulu, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"The Hidden Structure of Interaction: From Neurons to Culture Patterns","author":"Agliati","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262014113.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognitive Pragmatics. 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