{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:26:02Z","timestamp":1787199962303,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generative artificial intelligence (Gen-AI) is becoming increasingly embedded in clinical work, yet its darker interpersonal and psychological consequences in hospital settings remain underexamined. Drawing on human\u2013AI collaboration research and the strain process within job demands\u2013resources (JD-R) theory, this study investigates whether Gen-AI-assisted clinical work collaboration increases instigated interprofessional incivility among physicians and nurses, whether work alienation mediates this relationship, and whether trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) conditions the alienation\u2013incivility link. A three-wave time-lagged survey design was employed among physicians and nurses at Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital in China. After screening and cross-wave matching, 468 valid matched cases were retained and analyzed using SPSS 27.0, AMOS 24.0, and PROCESS 4.0. Results revealed that Gen-AI-assisted clinical work collaboration was positively associated with instigated interprofessional incivility and work alienation, and work alienation was positively associated with instigated interprofessional incivility. Work alienation partially mediated the relationship between Gen-AI-assisted clinical work collaboration and instigated interprofessional incivility. In addition, the interaction effects of self-emotion appraisal, others\u2019 emotion appraisal, use of emotion, regulation of emotion, and overall trait EI on the relationship between work alienation and instigated interprofessional incivility were all significant. However, these effects emerged in the opposite direction from that hypothesized: higher levels of trait EI strengthened rather than weakened the positive relationship between work alienation and instigated interprofessional incivility. This study extends research on the dark side of Gen-AI-assisted work by showing that, in hospital settings, Gen-AI-assisted clinical work collaboration may increase instigated interprofessional incivility both directly and indirectly through work alienation. The findings also suggest that the role of trait EI in technologically mediated healthcare work is more context-dependent and ambivalent than a simple protective-resource interpretation would imply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1787199349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The dark side of Gen-AI-assisted clinical work collaboration: work alienation, trait emotional intelligence, and instigated interprofessional incivility"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhanglan","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Fujian Business University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Wasonga","family":"Owino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1999.2202131","article-title":"Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2022.1651","article-title":"\u201cCollaborating\u201d with AI: taking a system view to explore the future of work","volume":"34","author":"Anthony","year":"2023","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19421","DOI":"10.5465\/AMPROC.2023.19421abstract","article-title":"Morality evaluations in uncivil human-AI interactions","volume":"2023","author":"Arundel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Proc."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056","article-title":"Job demands-resources theory: taking stock and looking forward","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933","article-title":"Job demands-resources theory: ten years later","volume":"10","author":"Bakker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2735","article-title":"A multilevel review of artificial intelligence in organizations: implications for organizational behavior research and practice","volume":"45","author":"Bankins","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1348\/096317905X26822","article-title":"Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility","volume":"78","author":"Blau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1142\/9789811232701_0035","article-title":"Raising the stakeholders: improving patient outcomes through interprofessional collaborations in AI for healthcare","volume":"26","author":"Bobak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pac. Symp. Biocomput."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.13253\/j.cnki.ddjjgl.2026.04.005","article-title":"Scenario governance of generative AI large models: the case of medical large models","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Contemporary Economic Management,"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2013.06.003","article-title":"Alienation and its correlates: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chiaburu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research,"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16111","article-title":"The prevalence of incivility in hospitals and the effects of incivility on patient safety culture and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Freedman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2024030","article-title":"Emotional intelligence protects nurses against quiet quitting, turnover intention, and job burnout","volume":"11","author":"Galanis","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00781-2","article-title":"Physician clinical decision modification and bias assessment in a randomized controlled trial of AI assistance","volume":"5","author":"Goh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102905","article-title":"The dark side of employee-generative AI collaboration in the workplace: an investigation on work alienation and employee expediency","volume":"83","author":"Hai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","author":"Han","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional process Analysis: a Regression-based Approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2025.04.009","article-title":"GenAI and the psychology of work","volume":"29","author":"Hermann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1379(200011)21:7<>3.0.co;2-w","article-title":"Work centrality and work alienation: distinct aspects of a general commitment to work","volume":"21","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076251360863","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251360863","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 opinions of generative artificial intelligence in the UK: an online survey","volume":"11","author":"Kharko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digital Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2023.103928","article-title":"The impact of trust in AI on career sustainability: the role of employee\u2013AI collaboration and protean career orientation","volume":"146","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"The Straightforward Incivility Scale Manual","author":"Leiter","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2022-0092","article-title":"The impact of interprofessional incivility on medical performance, service and patient care: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Healthc. J."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16455","article-title":"How the approaches of managing conflict with patients affect nurse emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction: a time-lagged three-wave survey","volume":"81","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCMA-11-2017-0140","article-title":"The moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the relationship between supervisor conflict and employees\u2019 counterproductive work behaviors","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Confl. Manag."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2015.06.001","article-title":"Job demands, burnout, and engagement among nurses: a multi-level analysis of ORCAB data investigating the moderating effect of teamwork","volume":"2","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burn. Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741011041373","article-title":"An exploration of factors predicting work alienation of knowledge workers","volume":"48","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000293","article-title":"An \u201cI\u201d for an \u201cI\u201d: a systematic review and meta-analysis of instigated and reciprocal incivility","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21582440211023202","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440211023202","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Wong and Law emotional intelligence scale for nurses","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/per.466","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence: behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction","volume":"17","author":"Petrides","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073916650493","article-title":"Developments in trait emotional intelligence research","volume":"8","author":"Petrides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1348\/000712606X120618","article-title":"The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space","volume":"98","author":"Petrides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","article-title":"Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it","volume":"63","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437035","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1437035","article-title":"Emotional intelligence training among the healthcare workforce: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Powell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2018.0072","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and management: the automation\u2013augmentation paradox","volume":"46","author":"Raisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000072","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000072.pub3","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration to improve professional practice and healthcare outcomes","volume":"2017","author":"Reeves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"960","author":"Ruan","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_4","volume-title":"Bridging Occupational, Organizational and public Health: a Transdisciplinary Approach","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-02852-0","article-title":"The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the relationship between technostress and burnout prevention among critical care nurses: a structural equation modelling approach","volume":"24","author":"Shaban","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/09720634221088057","article-title":"WLEIS as a measure of emotional intelligence of healthcare professionals: a confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"24","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2012.667431","article-title":"Alienation from work: Marxist ideologies and twenty-first-century practice","volume":"25","author":"Shantz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02649","article-title":"Emotional intelligence buffers the effects of negative emotions on job burnout in nursing","volume":"9","author":"Szczygie\u0142","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v29i3.5096","article-title":"Utilizing generative AI to counter learner groupthink by introducing controversy in collaborative problem-based learning settings","volume":"29","author":"Wiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Online Learn."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(02)00099-1","article-title":"The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: an exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leadersh. Q."},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: Guidance on Large Multi-Modal Models","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/00491241211043141","article-title":"Method bias mechanisms and procedural remedies","volume":"53","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574898","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.574898","article-title":"Emotional labor in health care: the moderating roles of personality and the mediating role of sleep on job performance and satisfaction","volume":"11","author":"Yeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112467","article-title":"Assessing the temporal stability of a measure of trait emotional intelligence: systematic review and empirical analysis","volume":"217","author":"Zadorozhny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences,"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856755\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:15:51Z","timestamp":1787199351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856755\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1856755","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1856755"}}