{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1786512516251,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Physical education assessments that count toward university admission or course grades typically measure only a student\u2019s fitness at a single time point, overlooking incremental progress and thus providing little incentive for those with lower baseline performance. This study evaluated the feasibility of a multidimensional scoring method that captures changes in standing long jump performance, an indicator of lower-limb explosive power and better reflects student learning. This study had two phases. Phase 1 combined a two-round Delphi process, AHP weighting, and standing long jump data from 211 classes (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f4,109) to develop the multidimensional evaluation model. Phase 2 is a quasi-experimental study where 4\u202fyear 1\u20132 university classes was randomly selected and assigned to the intervention (IG) and control group (CG). Learning motivation was measured using the college student version of the Work Preference Inventory. Difference-in-difference model was used to analyze the association between motivation and standing long jump distance (post\u2013pre) between IG and CG. Both IG and CG showed significant improvements in both standing long jump and motivation, with IG having significantly better outcomes. The time interaction between the groups confirmed the statistical significance. The OLS regression results showed both internal motivation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and external motivation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) had significant positive relationship. Both boys\u2019 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and girls\u2019 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.029) showed significant improvement. These findings suggest that a multidimensional, progress-sensitive scoring system can enhance students\u2019 motivation and foster positive behavioral change in physical education.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1786510028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing and evaluating a multidimensional progress-based assessment standard for standing long jump performance in university physical education: a sequential mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Minzu University of China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Minzu University of China","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","place":["Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-349-95189-5_2593","volume-title":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","author":"Abadie","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21582440221093617","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221093617","article-title":"Goal orientation and its impact on university students\u2019 academic achievement during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Alasqah","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.5.950","article-title":"The work preference inventory: assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations","volume":"66","author":"Amabile","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"S1746","article-title":"Influence of the adaptive physical training and sports on socialization of the individuals with limited physical abilities","volume-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc","author":"Annenkova","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.52380\/ijcer.2023.10.3.470","article-title":"Autonomy support and motivation in physical education: a comparison of teacher and student perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Arik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.23917\/ijolae.v4i2.17068","article-title":"The influence of application of local-wisdom-based modules toward peace-loving characters of elementary school students","author":"Asrial","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indonesian J. Learn. Advanc. Educ."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2022.2121275","article-title":"Exploring physical education teachers\u2019 perceptions of sustainable development goals and education for sustainable development","volume":"29","author":"Baena-Morales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Difference-in-differences designs: a practitioner's guide","author":"Baker","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/0969595980050102","article-title":"Assessment and classroom learning","volume":"5","author":"Black","year":"1998","journal-title":"Assess. Educ."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2013.01.036","article-title":"A note on the proportionality between some consistency indices in the AHP","volume":"219","author":"Brunelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.78.3.210","article-title":"Effects of no feedback, task-related comments, and grades on intrinsic motivation and performance","volume":"78","author":"Butler","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3771","article-title":"Relative age and the early years foundation stage profile: how do birth month and peer group age composition determine attribution of a \u2018good level of development\u2019\u2014and what does this tell us about how \u2018good\u2019 the early years foundation stage profile is?","volume":"48","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"107","article-title":"Research on the integrated physical education teaching mode of \u201cclassroom practice league\u201d from the perspective of physical education","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Social Sciences)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7836024","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7836024","article-title":"Development of a care bundle for stroke survivors with psychological symptoms: evidence summary and delphi study","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research","author":"Creswell","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(85)90023-6","article-title":"The general causality orientations scale: self-determination in personality","volume":"19","author":"Deci","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2022.8","article-title":"Using multiple pretreatment periods to improve difference-in-differences and staggered adoption designs","volume":"31","author":"Egami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polit. Anal."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041252","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1041252","article-title":"The problem-solving method: efficacy for learning and motivation in the field of physical education","volume":"13","author":"Ezeddine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.33222\/juara.v6i1.1184","article-title":"The learning motivation and physical fitness of university students during the implementation of the new normal Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"6","author":"Fahrizqi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JUARA"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"2336","article-title":"Understand well to develop better: gifted students in physical education and sport","volume-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport","author":"Ferriz Valero","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1108\/RAUSP-05-2019-0112","article-title":"Impact evaluation using difference-in-differences","volume":"54","author":"Fredriksson","year":"2019","journal-title":"RAUSP Manag. J."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X187839","article-title":"How does knowledge about the criteria for an upcoming test relate to adolescents\u2019 situational motivation in physical education? A self-determination theory approach","volume":"25","author":"Haerens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.54729\/KTPE9512","article-title":"Normality testing methods and the importance of skewness and kurtosis in statistical analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hatem","year":"2022","journal-title":"BAU J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487","article-title":"The power of feedback","volume":"77","author":"Hattie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"691","volume-title":"An Author's Checklist for Measure Development and Validation ManuscriptsJ. Pediatr. Psychol","author":"Holmbeck","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-38747-0_3","volume-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in python","author":"James","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13334","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-023-01637-7","article-title":"Transformative perspectives in physical education evaluation: empowering diverse stakeholders for holistic learning experiences in the era of big data","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i19.26157","article-title":"Evaluation of physical education teaching based on analytic hierarchy process","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2012.713860","article-title":"Alternative assessment in physical education: a review of international literature","volume":"18","author":"L\u00f3pez-Pastor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Performance-based Assessment for middle and high school Physical Education","author":"Lund","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12182Digital","article-title":"Criterion-related validity and reliability of the standing long jump test in adults: the adult-fit project","volume":"24","author":"Marin-Jimenez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.55352\/mudir.v6i1.830","article-title":"Quality assurance system in improving the quality of education in schools","volume":"6","author":"Mohzana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mudir J. Manaj. Pendidik"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2020.1823314","article-title":"The power of internal feedback: exploiting natural comparison processes","volume":"46","author":"Nicol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2020.1718529","article-title":"A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health","volume":"15","author":"Ntoumanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01437-6","article-title":"Talent development in sport requires athlete enrichment: contemporary insights from a nonlinear pedagogy and the athletic skills model","volume":"51","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2017.1416655","article-title":"Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research","volume":"31","author":"Ringle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1020","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: classic definitions and new directions","volume":"25","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"6229","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Quality of life and well-Being Research","author":"Ryan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSSCI.2008.017590","article-title":"Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref9006","volume-title":"The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting, Resource Allocation","author":"Saaty","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X241237398","article-title":"Formative assessment in physical education: teachers\u2019 experiences when designing and implementing formative assessment activities","volume":"30","author":"Slingerland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.107772","article-title":"A physical education teacher motivation from the self-evaluation framework","volume":"98","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Global Innovations in Physical Education and Health","author":"Tariq","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070588","article-title":"Impact of sports education model in physical education on students\u2019 motivation: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Tendinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"SPSS Tutorials: Independent Samples t Test","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/0969594X.2025.2565386","article-title":"Assessment for learning, need satisfaction, motivation, and grades in physical education at upper secondary school","volume":"32","author":"Ulstad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Assess. Educ."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030999","article-title":"School-based physical activity interventions in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Vaquero-Sol\u00eds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20160946","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20160946","article-title":"Classification of the coefficient of variation to variables in beef cattle experiments","volume":"47","author":"Vaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cienc. Rural"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"147","article-title":"Major changes, goals and practical directions of the National Physical Fitness Test Standards (revised in 2023)","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physical Educ."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563221992088","article-title":"Best practice in statistics: use the Welch t-test when testing the difference between two groups","volume":"58","author":"West","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2020.103247","article-title":"Self-determination theory in physical education: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"99","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2011.03.001","article-title":"What is assessment for learning","volume":"37","author":"Wiliam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stud. Educ. Eval."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50625-4_15","volume-title":"A Beginner\u2019s guide to Statistics for Criminology and criminal Justice using R","author":"Wooditch","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100484","article-title":"Effects of self-assessment and peer-assessment interventions on academic performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref56","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e083957","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083957","article-title":"Construction of a competency evaluation model for clinical research coordinators in China: a study based on the Delphi method and questionnaire survey","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861330\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:47:25Z","timestamp":1786510045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861330\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861330","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"article-number":"1861330"}}