{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:07:15Z","timestamp":1784696835303,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integrity of organizational information systems fundamentally relies on the psychological commitment of users to adhere to security protocols. Informational security policy (ISP) depends on users\u2019 compliance to protect their organization\u2019s information and technology assets against security threats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on the intersection of cognitive and behavioral psychology, this study examines information security policy compliance (ISPC) behavior by integrating the Task\u2013Technology Fit (TTF) model, technology threat avoidance theory (TTAT), and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This study proposes a comprehensive research model to elucidate the cognitive factors and motivational drivers that shape an employee\u2019s behavioral intention to comply. Utilizing a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach, we empirically tested the model with data from 288 employees across public and private sectors in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results show that Task and technology characteristics significantly drive task-technology fit, which, along with self-efficacy, social influence, and policy effectiveness, positively predicts security compliance intentions and subsequent behavior. Conversely, compliance intention is hindered by perceived costs, while the influence of perceived security threats remains statistically insignificant. The study discusses key theoretical and applied insights, providing a roadmap for future research in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:44:59Z","timestamp":1784695499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of information security policy compliance: integrating task-technology fit and threat avoidance appraisals in the digital workplace"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mada","family":"Alassaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alkhalifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University","place":["Buraidah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126359","article-title":"Theory of planned behavior to predict consumer behavior in using products irrigated with purified wastewater in Iran consumer.","volume":"296","author":"Ahmmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Product."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2018.1493416","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior.","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Proc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162687","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3132574","article-title":"Exploring the influence of direct and indirect factors on information security policy compliance: A systematic literature review.","volume":"9","author":"Alassaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703689","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1703689","article-title":"Cybersecurity governance in the healthcare sector during digital transformation: An integrated model and hybrid analytical approach.","volume":"13","author":"Alharbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208576","article-title":"Organizational governance, social bonds and information security policy compliance: A perspective towards oil and gas employees.","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632396","article-title":"Focus section health IT usability: Applying a task-technology fit model to adapt an electronic patient portal for patient work.","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Inform."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOMAN.2018.8392822","article-title":"Information Security Policy Compliance: Investigating the Role of Intrinsic Motivation Towards Policy Compliance in the Organisation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Information Management, ICIM","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2018"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1108\/ICS-09-2017-0063","article-title":"Establishing information security policy compliance culture in organizations.","volume":"26","author":"Amankwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform. Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2018.01.004","article-title":"Consumer adoption of Mobile Social Network Games (M-SNGs) in Saudi Arabia: The role of social influence, hedonic motivation and trust.","volume":"53","author":"Baabdullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Task-Technology Fit In The Workplace. Affecting Employee Satisfaction and Productivity.","author":"Baas","year":"2010"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2307\/2393203","article-title":"Assessing construct validity in organizational research.","volume":"36","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Admin. Sci. Quar."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"239","article-title":"Applying an extended task-technology fit for establishing determinants of mobile learning: An instant messaging initiative.","volume":"29","author":"Bere","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inform. Syst. Educ."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2307\/25750690","article-title":"Information security policy compliance: An empirical study of rationality-based beliefs and information security awareness.","volume":"34","author":"Bulgurcu","year":"2010","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2016.1258679","article-title":"Factors that influence Employees\u2019 security policy compliance: An awareness-motivation-capability perspective.","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.09.010","article-title":"An exploring study on relation between maturity levels of organizations and factors affecting information security policy.","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Bus. Admin."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.05.005","article-title":"Impact of employees\u2019 demographic characteristics on the awareness and compliance of information security policy in organizations.","volume":"35","author":"Chua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/3150876","article-title":"A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs.","volume":"16","author":"Churchill","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Market. Res."},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.","author":"Creswell","year":"2017"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2018.11.009","article-title":"Espoused cultural values as antecedents of individuals\u2019 threat and coping appraisal toward protective information technologies: Study of U.S. and Ghana.","volume":"56","author":"Crossler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2012.09.010","article-title":"Future directions for behavioral information security research.","volume":"32","author":"Crossler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12173","article-title":"Cognitive-affective drivers of employees\u2019 daily compliance with information security policies: A multilevel, longitudinal study.","volume":"29","author":"D\u2019Arcy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. Syst. J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.02.006","article-title":"Predicting employee information security policy compliance on a daily basis: The interplay of security-related stress, emotions, and neutralization.","volume":"56","author":"D\u2019Arcy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12203","article-title":"Promoting indigenous theory.","volume":"28","author":"Davison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform. Syst. J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2016.01.001","article-title":"Travel web-site design: Information task-fit, service quality and purchase intention.","volume":"54","author":"Dedeke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00595","article-title":"The mediating role of psychological empowerment in information security compliance intentions.","volume":"21","author":"Dhillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.2.02","article-title":"Consistent partial least squares path modeling.","volume":"39","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00581","article-title":"How paternalistic leadership influences it security policy compliance: The mediating role of the social bond.","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B28","volume-title":"Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research.","author":"Fishbein","year":"1975"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/IACS.2019.8809166","article-title":"Evaluating structural equations with unobservable variables and measurement error.","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Market. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.41.12.1827","article-title":"Understanding user evaluations of information systems.","volume":"41","author":"Goodhue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1998.tb01346.x","article-title":"Development and measurement validity of a task-technology fit instrument for user evaluations of information systems.","volume":"29","author":"Goodhue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/249689","article-title":"Task-technology fit and individual performance.","volume":"19","author":"Goodhue","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).","author":"Hair","year":"2021"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","article-title":"When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM.","volume":"31","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.12.016","article-title":"An integrative model of information security policy compliance with psychological contract: Examining a bilateral perspective.","volume":"66","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103370","article-title":"Should i really do that? Using quantile regression to examine the impact of sanctions on information security policy compliance behavior.","volume":"133","author":"Hengstler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling.","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Market. Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.02.005","article-title":"Encouraging information security behaviors in organizations: Role of penalties, pressures and perceived effectiveness.","volume":"47","author":"Herath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Decis. Supp. Syst."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2012.00420.x","article-title":"Security services as coping mechanisms: An investigation into user intention to adopt an email authentication service.","volume":"24","author":"Herath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inform. Syst. J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101594","article-title":"Institutional governance and protection motivation: Theoretical insights into shaping employees\u2019 security compliance behavior in higher education institutions in the developing world.","volume":"87","author":"Hina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2019.1683781","article-title":"Motivating information security policy compliance: insights from perceived organizational formalization.","volume":"62","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Willingness and Ability to Perform Information Security Compliance Behavior: Psychological Ownership and Self-Efficacy Perspective","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, PACIS 2016 - Proceedings.","author":"Huang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.7763\/ijiet.2015.v5.522","article-title":"Leadership styles and information security compliance behavior: The mediator effect of information security awareness.","volume":"5","author":"Humaidi","year":"","journal-title":"Intern. J. Inform. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"70","article-title":"The Moderating effect of working experience on health information system security policies compliance behaviour.","volume":"28","author":"Humaidi","year":"","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Comp. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1833358317700255","article-title":"Indirect effect of management support on users\u2019 compliance behaviour towards information security policies.","volume":"47","author":"Humaidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2025.104326","article-title":"Mitigating security stress: Exploring the contingent role of collaborative communication in enhancing information security compliance.","volume":"151","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026.","year":"2026"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2011.10.007","article-title":"Understanding information systems security policy compliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory.","volume":"31","author":"Ifinedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2013.10.001","article-title":"Information systems security policy compliance: An empirical study of the effects of socialisation, influence, and cognition.","volume":"51","author":"Ifinedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2015.1117868","article-title":"Critical times for organizations: What should be done to curb workers\u2019 noncompliance with is security policy guidelines?","volume":"33","author":"Ifinedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inform. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4018\/IRMJ.2018010103","article-title":"Roles of organizational climate, social bonds, and perceptions of security threats on IS security policy compliance intentions.","volume":"31","author":"Ifinedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform. Resources Manag. J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.09.009","article-title":"Predicting the acceptance of MOOCs in a developing country: Application of task-technology fit model, social motivation, and self-determination theory.","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-09-2017-0298","article-title":"Do employees in a \u201cgood\u201d company comply better with information security policy? A corporate social responsibility perspective.","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inform. Technol. People"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2017.1351500","article-title":"Social networks, social influence and activity-travel behaviour: A review of models and empirical evidence.","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463870","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/463870","article-title":"An integrative behavioral model of information security policy compliance.","volume":"2014","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156139","article-title":"Impacts of sustainable information technology capabilities on information security assimilation: The moderating effects of policy-technology balance.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/ijec.2015100101","article-title":"Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach.","volume":"11","author":"Kock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern. J. E-Collab."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2020.1779151","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and strength of a unified model for information security policy compliance.","volume":"61","author":"Koohang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2019.1668738","article-title":"Information security policy compliance: Leadership, trust, role values, and awareness.","volume":"60","author":"Koohang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-023-00727-5","article-title":"The impact of an employee\u2019s psychological contract breach on compliance with information security policies: Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Technol. Work"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2019.101244","article-title":"Mobile social media use intention in emergencies among Gen Y in China: An integrative framework of gratifications, task-technology fit, and media dependency.","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2307\/20650279","article-title":"Avoidance of information technology threats: A theoretical perspective.","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00232","article-title":"Understanding security behaviors in personal computer usage: A threat avoidance perspective.","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195532","article-title":"Understanding the sustainable usage intention of mobile payment technology in Korea: Cross-countries comparison of Chinese and Korean users.","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04032","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202021804032","article-title":"Influencing factors of employees\u2019 information systems security police compliance: An empirical research in China.","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102152","article-title":"Motivating information security policy compliance: The critical role of supervisor-subordinate guanxi and organizational commitment.","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. J. Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12043","article-title":"Proposing the control-reactance compliance model (CRCM) to explain opposing motivations to comply with organisational information security policies.","volume":"25","author":"Lowry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inform. Syst. J."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"227","article-title":"Factors influencing government employee performance via information systems use: An empirical study.","volume":"7","author":"Luarn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electron. J. E-Gov."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13853","article-title":"Toward a unified model of information security policy compliance.","volume":"42","author":"Moody","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.07.066","article-title":"Using information systems to leverage knowledge management processes: The role of work context, job characteristics and task-technology fit.","volume":"55","author":"Moreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Comp. Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.6.1321","article-title":"The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work.","volume":"91","author":"Morgeson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2307\/1252041","article-title":"Adoption correlates and share effects of electronic data interchange systems in marketing channels.","volume":"56","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Market."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2019.102097","article-title":"Perception of task-technology fit of digital library among undergraduates in selected universities in Nigeria.","volume":"46","author":"Omotayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Librarianship"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102144","article-title":"Understanding consumer adoption of mobile payment in India: Extending Meta-UTAUT model with personal innovativeness, anxiety, trust, and grievance redressal.","volume":"54","author":"Patil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. J. Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2307\/2091811","article-title":"A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations.","volume":"32","author":"Perrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638601200408","article-title":"Self-Reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects.","volume":"12","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.09.016","article-title":"Evaluating the explanatory power of theoretical frameworks on intention to comply with information security policies in higher education.","volume":"80","author":"Rajab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"SmartPLS 4.","author":"Ringle","year":"2024"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/15536548.2017.1418632","article-title":"Predicting information security policy compliance intentions and behavior for six employee-based risks.","volume":"13","author":"Ryutov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inform. Privacy Secur."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101473","article-title":"Environmental air pollution management system: Predicting user adoption behavior of big data analytics.","volume":"64","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104513","article-title":"Understanding intention and behavior toward sustainable usage of bike sharing by extending the theory of planned behavior.","volume":"152","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resources Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence from a Fortune 100 company: A conceptual replication of Herath and Rao\u2019s security policy compliance model.","volume":"4","author":"Sikolia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Socionetwork Strateg."},{"key":"B84","article-title":"Employees\u2019 Adherence to Information Security Policies: A Partial Replication","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AMCIS 2016: Surfing the IT Innovation Wave - 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems","author":"Sikolia","year":"2016"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2013.08.006","article-title":"Employees\u2019 adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.","volume":"51","author":"Siponen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2017.1368421","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior and information security policy compliance.","volume":"59","author":"Sommestad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comp. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44999-5_33","article-title":"A scoping review of the application of the task-technology fit theory.","volume":"12066","author":"Spies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Responsible Design Implement. Use Inform. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education.","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.016","article-title":"Understanding the impact of m-banking on individual performance: DeLone & McLean and TTF perspective.","volume":"61","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-025-10592-4","article-title":"Does leadership approach matter? Examining behavioral influences of leaders on employees\u2019 information security compliance.","volume":"28","author":"Tejay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataSecurity-HPSC-IDS.2016.14","article-title":"Information Security Policy for E-Commerce in Saudi Arabia","volume-title":"Proceedings - 2nd IEEE International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud, IEEE BigDataSecurity 2016, 2nd IEEE International Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, IEEE HPSC 2016 and IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and S","author":"Thakur","year":"2016"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2015.03.002","article-title":"Learning to cope with information security risks regarding mobile device loss or theft: An empirical examination.","volume":"52","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2024.103968","article-title":"Fostering information security compliance as organizational citizenship behavior.","volume":"61","author":"Vedadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inform. Manag."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/3250981","article-title":"Why don\u2019t men stop asking for directions? Gender, social influence and their role in society.","volume":"24","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.57.R14040","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view.","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"B96","volume-title":"2026 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR).","year":"2026"},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2026.","year":"2026"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2016.09.009","article-title":"Employees\u2019 information security policy compliance: A norm activation perspective.","volume":"92","author":"Yazdanmehr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Decis. Supp. Syst."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1108\/ICS-01-2018-0006","article-title":"Information security practice in saudi arabia: Case study on saudi organizations.","volume":"26","author":"Zakarya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform. Comp. Secur."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2025.103104","article-title":"How does risk information exposure affect AI-driven technology users\u2019 privacy protection? Combining social amplification of risk framework and technology threat avoidance theory.","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861737\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:45:43Z","timestamp":1784695543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861737\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1861737","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"article-number":"1861737"}}