{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:05:17Z","timestamp":1784613917351,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into higher education, yet empirical evidence remains limited on how AI-generated \u201csecond opinions\u201d influence psychological and cognitive outcomes in artistic training contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the effects of AI \u201csecond opinions\u201d on collaborative self-efficacy, music performance anxiety, and decision-making style among postgraduate students specialising in vocal accompaniment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The experimental group showed significantly higher posttest self-efficacy than the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.026) and a significant within-group increase (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007). Music performance anxiety was significantly lower in the experimental group compared with the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013), with a significant within-group reduction (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007). No significant differences were found in decision-making style between or within groups (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI \u201csecond opinions\u201d can effectively enhance self-efficacy and reduce performance anxiety in postgraduate music accompaniment training. However, they do not significantly alter decision-making styles in the short term, suggesting that AI primarily functions as an augmentative tool supporting human interpretative agency rather than reshaping cognitive patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1862379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:36:10Z","timestamp":1784612170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of AI second opinions on collaborative confidence and decision-making: evidence from a controlled study of postgraduate vocal accompanists"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keimyung University","place":["Daegu, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keimyung University","place":["Daegu, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra2503232","article-title":"Educational strategies for clinical supervision of artificial intelligence use","volume":"393","author":"Abdulnour","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. 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