{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:35Z","timestamp":1790139995203,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BO 4482\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO 4482\/6-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BO 4482\/6-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO 4482\/6-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 1668\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 1668\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-regulation (SR) competences have consistently been associated with aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior (AAB). However, their relative importance remains unclear when various SR competences are simultaneously considered and when they are related to different long-term trajectories of AAB. In addition, little is known about potential differential associations with AAB measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated developmental trajectories of physical, relational, reactive, and proactive aggression; non-aggressive antisocial behavior; and an AAB total score in relation to multiple SR competences in 1,657 children (52% girls; aged 6\u201311 years;\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8.36,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.95) from Germany across three measurement points over three years (data on ethnicity not collected).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Latent class growth analyses indicated four trajectories for all AAB measures, mostly a stable low, increasing, decreasing, and stable high trajectory, or four rather parallel trajectories. Multinomial logistic regressions suggested that particularly planning behavior (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 1.40\u20134.38) and parent-rated inhibition (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 1.24\u20133.76) predicted a higher probability of belonging to trajectories reflecting low AAB compared with all other trajectories. Additional analyses of variance further indicated the relevance of experimentally assessed inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and emotional reactivity (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                          <mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>\u03b7<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msubsup>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      = 0.006\u20130.179).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underpin that SR competences\u2014particularly inhibition and planning\u2014may serve as longitudinal protective factors and suggest that universal prevention programs are more effective than highly specific interventions to tackle AAB in the long run.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1866377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1790138881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Links between self-regulation competences and aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial behavior in middle childhood and early adolescence: a three-wave longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rahel","family":"Schaake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Developmental, Pedagogic and Family Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Strau\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Developmental, Pedagogic and Family Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Elsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam","place":["Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Bond\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Developmental, Pedagogic and Family Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.5.2.115.3167","article-title":"Identification and description of new tests of executive functioning in children","volume":"5","author":"Archibald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model\n          \n          1\n          22\n          \n            \n              Asparouhov\n              T.\n            \n            \n              Muth\u00e9n\n              B.\n            \n          \n          Mplus Web Notes\n          21\n          2014"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-019-00288-y","article-title":"An integrated model of regulation for applied settings","volume":"22","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Human Aggression","author":"Baron","year":"1994"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology","volume":"98","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1053-4","article-title":"Conduct problems trajectories and psychosocial outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro. Child Adoles. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.02.006","article-title":"How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions","volume":"32","author":"Burt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0076-x","article-title":"The phenomenology of non-aggressive antisocial behavior during childhood","volume":"44","author":"Burt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x","article-title":"Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment","volume":"79","author":"Card","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102253","article-title":"The development of youth antisocial behavior across time and context: a systematic review and integration of person-centered and variable-centered research","volume":"101","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190491826.003.0003","article-title":"\u201cDevelopmental manifestations of relational aggression,\u201d","volume-title":"The Development of Relational Aggression","author":"Casas","year":"2018"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.07.010","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of physical and indirect aggression from late childhood to adolescence: sex differences and outcomes in emerging adulthood","volume":"51","author":"Cleverley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023084112561","article-title":"Gender differences in reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"33","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070034","article-title":"The joint development of physical and indirect aggression: predictors of continuity and change during childhood","volume":"19","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.2307\/1131625","article-title":"The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment","volume":"67","author":"Crick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.1.74","article-title":"A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment","volume":"115","author":"Crick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/1131875","article-title":"Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"67","author":"Crick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2307\/1131945","article-title":"Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment","volume":"66","author":"Crick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2503_2","article-title":"Developmental changes in real life decision making: performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"25","author":"Crone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0079-7","article-title":"Dual trajectories of reactive and proactive aggression from mid-childhood to early adolescence: relations to sensation seeking, risk taking, and moral reasoning","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47143-3_5","article-title":"\u201cMiddle childhood: an evolutionary-developmental synthesis,\u201d","author":"DelGiudice","year":"2018"},{"key":"B23","author":"D\u00f6pfner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manual deutsche Schulalter-Formen der Child Behavior Checklist von Thomas M."},{"key":"B24","author":"Drechsler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Verhaltensinventar zur Beurteilung exekutiver Funktionen BRIEF."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.02.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of self-control measures","volume":"45","author":"Duckworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000094","article-title":"Social and physical aggression trajectories from childhood through late adolescence: predictors of psychosocial maladjustment at age 18","volume":"52","author":"Ehrenreich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(02)80042-8","article-title":"Children's emotion-related regulation","volume":"30","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Child Dev. Behav."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.2019.1609897","article-title":"Physical aggression, relational aggression and anger in preschool children: the mediating role of emotion regulation","volume":"147","author":"Ersan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00709-5","article-title":"Parallel trajectories of proactive and reactive aggression in middle childhood and their outcomes in early adolescence","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0011-9","article-title":"Developmental trajectories and predictors of externalizing behavior: a comparison of girls and boys","volume":"43","author":"Fernandez Castelao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410801955920","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of proactive and reactive aggression from fifth to ninth grade","volume":"37","author":"Fite","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023899703866","article-title":"Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency","volume":"31","author":"Frick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2002.1032637","article-title":"Validity concerns of common heart-rate variability indices","volume":"21","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Magaz."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-020-09841-7","article-title":"React to act: negative mood, response inhibition, and the moderating role of emotional reactivity","volume":"44","author":"Gabel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2021.100965","article-title":"How does the broader construct of self-regulation relate to emotion regulation in young children?","volume":"60","author":"Gagne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmen. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0488-5","article-title":"Development of aggression subtypes from childhood to adolescence: a group-based multi-trajectory modelling perspective","volume":"47","author":"Girard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818803652","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking during late childhood and early adolescence","volume":"46","author":"Givens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503621794","volume-title":"A General Theory of Crime","author":"Gottfredson","year":"1990"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1018152","article-title":"Relations between key executive functions and aggression in childhood","volume":"22","author":"Granvald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B41","author":"Grob","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEEL-KJ: Manual und Fragebogen zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000111","article-title":"Pooling ANOVA results from multiply imputed datasets: a simulation study","volume":"12","author":"Grund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000129","article-title":"Chronic anger as a precursor to adult antisocial personality features: the moderating influence of cognitive control","volume":"125","author":"Hawes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B44","author":"Hepditch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Concurrent Risks and Developmental Antecedents to Relational and Physical Aggression in Early Childhood"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032","article-title":"Heart rate variability indices as bio-markers of top-down self-regulatory mechanisms: a meta-analytic review","volume":"74","author":"Holzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x","article-title":"Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement","volume":"78","author":"Hubbard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20300","article-title":"Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent models","volume":"35","author":"Huesmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav. Offic. J. Int. Soc. Res. Aggress."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X20986537","article-title":"The complex associations between early childhood adversity, heart rate variability, cluster B personality disorders, and aggression","volume":"65","author":"Jankovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x","article-title":"An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling","volume":"2","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00500.x","article-title":"Trajectories of prosocial behavior and physical aggression in middle childhood: links to adolescent school dropout and physical violence","volume":"16","author":"Kokko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00816.x","article-title":"Delay of gratification, psychopathology, and personality: is low self-control specific to externalizing problems?","volume":"64","author":"Krueger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00124","article-title":"An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing","volume":"71","author":"Lemerise","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","article-title":"Testing the number of components in a normal mixture","volume":"88","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007516622688","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of aggressive and non-aggressive conduct problems","volume":"16","author":"Maughan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000456","article-title":"Nonconvergence, covariance constraints, and class enumeration in growth mixture models","volume":"28","author":"McNeish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cfrontal lobe\u201d tasks: a latent variable analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939406.ch15","article-title":"\u201cLife-course-persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior,\u201d","author":"Moffitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Psychopathology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0309-4","article-title":"Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond","volume":"2","author":"Moffitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behav."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","article-title":"Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy","volume":"100","author":"Moffitt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000298","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment of executive functions in self-reported delinquents","volume":"1","author":"Moffitt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.10.005","article-title":"Psychophysiology of proactive and reactive relational aggression","volume":"130","author":"Murray-Close","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"507","article-title":"\u201cMplus,\u201d","volume-title":"Handbook of Item Response Theory","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equa. Model. Multidiscipl. J."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000333","article-title":"Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Odgers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025418798498","article-title":"Cool and hot executive functions at 5 years old as predictors of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old","volume":"43","author":"O'Toole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000992","article-title":"Self-regulation as a predictor of patterns of change in externalizing behaviors from infancy to adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B68","author":"Petermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr Kinder IV (HAWIK-IV)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12122","article-title":"Cool and hot executive function as predictors of aggression in early childhood: differentiating between the function and form of aggression","volume":"34","author":"Poland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brit. J. Develop. Psychol."},{"key":"B70","author":"Polmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hot-Headed or Cold-Blooded? Towards a Clear Distinction between Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Youth"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915038","article-title":"Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood: relations to peer status and social context dimensions","volume":"17","author":"Price","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2018.1558324","article-title":"The relationship between resting heart rate variability, hostility, and in vivo aggression among young adults","volume":"29","author":"Puhalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.13110\/merrpalmquar1982.63.2.0282","article-title":"Longitudinal links between maladaptive anger regulation, peer problems, and aggression in middle childhood","volume":"63","author":"Rohlf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Merrill Palmer Q."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324912","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00027","article-title":"Longitudinal links between executive function, anger, and aggression in middle childhood","volume":"12","author":"Rohlf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000076","article-title":"Is adolescence-onset antisocial behavior developmentally normative?","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1026\/0049-8637\/a000010","article-title":"Exekutive Funktionen: Zugrundeliegende kognitive Prozesse und deren Korrelate bei Kindern im sp\u00e4ten Vorschulalter","volume":"42","author":"R\u00f6thlisberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Entwicklungspsychologie und P\u00e4dagogische Psychologie"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(200007)28:4&lt;417::AID-JCOP4&gt;3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Community violence exposure in a young adult sample: II. Psychophysiology and aggressive behavior","volume":"28","author":"Scarpa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Commun. Psychol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2018.08.002","article-title":"Peer influence in the development of adolescent antisocial behavior: advances from dynamic social network studies","volume":"50","author":"Sijtsema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Develop. Rev."},{"key":"B79","author":"Simonds","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Role of Reward Sensitivity and Response Execution in Childhood Extraversion"},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Subramani\n              O.\n            \n          \n          The Role of Reward Sensitivity in the Perpetration of Reactive and Proactive Aggression\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2008.00531.x","article-title":"Associations between sadness and anger regulation coping, emotional expression, and physical and relational aggression among urban adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Develop."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809343095","article-title":"Executive functioning and risky decision making in young male offenders","volume":"36","author":"Syngelaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1540967","article-title":"Significance tests and estimates for R2 for multiple regression in multiply imputed datasets: a cautionary note on earlier findings, and alternative solutions","volume":"54","author":"van Ginkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9289-6","article-title":"Developmental links between trajectories of physical violence, vandalism, theft, and alcohol-drug use from childhood to adolescence","volume":"37","author":"van Lier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025406059968","article-title":"Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: a developmental perspective","volume":"30","author":"Vitaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01140-3","article-title":"Self-regulation as a resource for coping with developmental challenges during middle childhood and adolescence: the prospective longitudinal PIERYOUTH-study","volume":"11","author":"Warschburger","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2023.101090","article-title":"Development and socialization of self-regulation from infancy to adolescence: a meta-review differentiating between self-regulatory abilities, goals, and motivation","volume":"69","author":"Wesarg-Menzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Develop. Rev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-012-9310-9","article-title":"Self-regulation deficits explain the link between reactive aggression and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in children","volume":"35","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.05013","article-title":"Delay of gratification: impulsive choices and problem behaviors in early and late adolescence","volume":"70","author":"Wulfert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x","article-title":"Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: development and plasticity","volume":"6","author":"Zelazo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1866377\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:48:10Z","timestamp":1790138890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1866377\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1866377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1866377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1866377"}}