{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:18:21Z","timestamp":1787807901873,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Judicial adjudication of share repurchase clauses in Chinese valuation adjustment mechanisms (VAMs) exhibits marked typological divergence. The Ninth Meeting Minutes, issued in November 2019, sought to unify adjudicatory standards; however, disagreement has persisted. Existing scholarship accounts for this divergence through doctrinal analysis, leaving systematic cognitive distortions in judicial reasoning unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study advances a \u201cdebiasing paradox\u201d thesis\u2014that a judicial policy instrument designed to harmonize standards may, through a \u201cnormative anchor\u201d mechanism, introduce new systematic cognitive biases. Treating anchoring as the core bias and framing effect and availability heuristic as downstream accompaniments, it examines how all three manifest in Chinese and American VAM adjudication and tests a hierarchical transmission model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Judicial reasoning sections from 217 Chinese VAM rulings (China Judgements Online) and 63 American earn-out rulings (Westlaw) underwent double-blind process coding (Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.71\u20130.78). Cross-sectional comparison tested anchoring (post-2019 VAM vs. private lending baseline,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f42); interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) tested changes in framing effect and availability heuristic around the Minutes; configural frequency analysis (CFA) identified bias co-occurrence patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The VAM anchoring rate (47.7%) significantly exceeded that of private lending (26.2%), \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1)\u202f=\u202f5.87,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.015, Cram\u00e9r\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.186. After the Minutes, the framing effect displayed an immediate level shift (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2082\u202f=\u202f12.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.024), while the availability heuristic exhibited a delayed trend increase (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2083\u202f=\u202f3.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.027), a pattern consistent with the hierarchical transmission hypothesis. CFA revealed significant over-representation of the \u201canchor\u2013frame coupling\u201d pattern (z\u202f=\u202f2.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.009).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide preliminary archival evidence consistent with the Minutes having produced indirect biasing effects through the hierarchical transmission of a normative anchor\u2014triggering framing downstream and reinforcing availability indirectly\u2014pointing to a debiasing paradox inherent in institutional tools for reducing adjudicatory divergence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1870936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:27:50Z","timestamp":1787804870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The debiasing paradox: cognitive biases in judicial adjudication of valuation adjustment mechanisms across Chinese and American courts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zihui","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889933","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.889933","article-title":"Nudges for judges: an experiment on the effect of making sentencing costs explicit","volume":"13","author":"Aharoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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