{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:19:03Z","timestamp":1787548743414,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Color perception preference encodes traceable signatures of personality, yet existing approaches to art education seldom translate this link into computationally grounded, individualized instruction. We develop an integrated framework that spans chromatic feature representation, deep-learning-based trait inference, and closed-loop pedagogical intervention. A multidimensional feature system was constructed across HSV and CIE L*a*b* color spaces, combining dominant color centroids, distribution entropy, perceptual contrast, harmony quantification, and an affective coordinate mapping. We propose CA-PPNet, a multi-branch convolutional architecture coupled with multi-head self-attention and five parallel regression heads that jointly predict the Big Five trait dimensions. Trained on 1,247 paired chromatic-personality records, CA-PPNet attained a macro F1 of 0.798 on tertile-binned trait classes and a mean Pearson\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    of 0.731 on the continuous scores\u2014a dual-track evaluation adopted because trait inference straddles rank ordering and magnitude estimation. Ablations confirmed the contributions of multi-branch fusion, attention, and multi-task learning. Predicted trait profiles were then mapped to six trait-anchored intervention pathways. A 12-week experiment with 216 undergraduates, evaluated with a 30-item color cognition test (score range 0\u201330, four sub-scales: hue identification, contrast judgement, harmony assessment, and affective mapping), yielded a normalized cognitive gain of 0.642 in the personalized arm against 0.418 in a uniform-curriculum control (between-group Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f0.91). Prediction error correlated negatively with cognitive gain (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f\u22120.412); because the design cannot exclude third variables such as general ability, we advance this as a hypothesis that intervention efficacy is bounded by trait-inference fidelity rather than as an established mechanism. Because the entire theoretical foundation is culturally situated\u2014color-emotion mappings, personality norms, and the sample itself are all rooted in a Chinese tertiary context\u2014we treat cross-cultural transfer as an acknowledged limitation as well as a future direction. The findings suggest that chromatic preference, when richly represented and modeled with attention-based architectures, can support defensible personalization in studio art instruction and invite fusion with physiological signals and cross-cultural replication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1876102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:23:34Z","timestamp":1787545414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction of a personality trait prediction model based on color perception preference and personalized cognitive intervention pathways in art education"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Songhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education and Art, Dezhou Vocational College of Science and Technology","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongnuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Dezhou Vocational College of Science and Technology","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art and Media, Shenyang Institute of Technology","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Dezhou Vocational College of Science and Technology","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teaching and Scientific Research, Dezhou Vocational College of Science and Technology","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education and Art, Dezhou Vocational College of Science and Technology","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"821","article-title":"Color preference and the big five: a re-examination of warm-cool hue associations","volume":"46","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Color. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"2546","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Bergstra","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48680-2_11","article-title":"Predicting image aesthetics with deep learning","volume":"23","author":"Bianco","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.23738\/CCSJ.150110","article-title":"The promise of color in marketing: use, applications, tips and neuromarketing","volume":"15","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cultura e Scienza del Colore \u2014 Color Cult. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.23738\/CCSJ.140114","article-title":"About the influence of color perceived lightness on psychological functions","volume":"14","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cultura e Scienza del Colore \u2014 Color Cult. Sci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.104785","article-title":"Color-taste correspondences influence visual binding errors","volume":"254","author":"Bortolotti","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1111\/joss.70044","article-title":"Decoding color perception: an eye tracking perspective","volume":"40","author":"Bortolotti","year":"","journal-title":"J. Sens. Stud."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104172","article-title":"Colored valence in a lexical decision task","volume":"244","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"81","article-title":"Personality and creativity in visual art: an empirical investigation across color and compositional choices","volume":"39","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-7-1247-2014","article-title":"Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE)?\u2014arguments against avoiding RMSE in the literature","volume":"7","author":"Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: synthetic minority over-sampling technique","volume":"16","author":"Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"785","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091517-034202","article-title":"The organization and operation of inferior temporal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017184","article-title":"Only three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages: a comparison of 14 trait taxonomies","volume":"98","author":"De Raad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"103963","article-title":"Big Five personality traits and aesthetic engagement","volume":"87","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00368","article-title":"Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work","volume":"6","author":"Elliot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030841","article-title":"How universal is the big five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon","volume":"104","author":"Gurven","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2307\/1164588","article-title":"Distribution theory for glass's estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stat."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"245","article-title":"Personalisation in art education: tensions between tacit judgement and scalable practice","volume":"62","author":"Hickman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Art Educ."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"235","article-title":"How to detect and handle outliers","volume":"31","author":"Iglewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Eng."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research","author":"John","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620948810","article-title":"Universal patterns in color-emotion associations are further shaped by linguistic and geographic proximity","volume":"31","author":"Jonauskaite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-018-0955-z","article-title":"Pink for girls, red for boys, and blue for both genders: colour preferences in children and adults","volume":"80","author":"Jonauskaite","year":"","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"67","article-title":"Eye movements and affective responses to color: a multimodal investigation","volume":"165","author":"Jonauskaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190741","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190741","article-title":"A machine learning approach to quantify individual differences in color-emotion associations","volume":"6","author":"Jonauskaite","year":"","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"405","article-title":"Closed-loop adaptive learning systems: a review","volume":"70","author":"Kaczmarek-Majer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.32","article-title":"Big Five personality traits as the predictors of creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity: does gender matter?","volume":"54","author":"Karwowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Creat. Behav."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3070645","article-title":"Emerging trends in personality identification using online social networks\u2014a literature survey","volume":"12","author":"Kaushal","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"7482","author":"Kendall","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1746","author":"Kim","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Applied Predictive Modeling","author":"Kuhn","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"article 863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17289\/jkscs.35.4.202111.5","article-title":"The relationship between color preferences and personality traits focusing on the Big Five personality factors","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Color Stud."},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"100898","article-title":"Cross-disciplinary integration in art education research: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creat."},{"key":"ref35","author":"Loshchilov","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.2015.119","article-title":"Deep multi-patch aggregation network for image style, aesthetics, and quality estimation","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"The L\u00fcscher Color Test","author":"L\u00fcscher","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1873965","article-title":"Affective image classification using features inspired by psychology and art theory","volume":"124","author":"Machajdik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/mis.2017.23","article-title":"Deep learning-based document modeling for personality detection from text","volume":"32","author":"Majumder","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09770-z","article-title":"Recent trends in deep learning based personality detection","volume":"53","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"2229","article-title":"Open-loop versus closed-loop personalization in adaptive learning environments","volume":"51","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20648","article-title":"A cross-cultural comparison of colour emotion for two-colour combinations","volume":"37","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Color. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906172107","article-title":"An ecological valence theory of human color preference","volume":"107","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100504","article-title":"Visual aesthetics and human preference","volume":"64","author":"Palmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"217","article-title":"Personalized art instruction: a pilot study on adaptive studio pedagogy","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Art"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"76","article-title":"Color psychology: a critical review of methods and applications","volume":"30","author":"Pazda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615621274","article-title":"Neuroaesthetics: the cognitive neuroscience of aesthetic experience","volume":"11","author":"Pearce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000481","article-title":"A short scale for assessing the big five dimensions of personality: comparing the BFI and BFI-2","volume":"36","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"234","article-title":"Bridging perception and personality: behavioral residue and trait inference","volume":"24","author":"Rentfrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Suggestions for eudaimonic turn in education: engagement, burnout, and achievement","volume":"33","author":"Salmela-Aro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1015630930326","article-title":"The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach","volume":"3","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"e12830","article-title":"Color inference and personality: evidence from the Berkeley color project","volume":"44","author":"Schloss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-018-0090-y","article-title":"Color inference in visual communication","volume":"3","author":"Schloss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-010-0027-0","article-title":"Aesthetic response to color combinations: preference, harmony, and similarity","volume":"73","author":"Schloss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"5","article-title":"An ecological framework for studying color preferences","volume":"42","author":"Schloss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Color. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20070","article-title":"The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Color. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"950","article-title":"Openness to experience and aesthetic engagement: a meta-analytic review","volume":"88","author":"Silvia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000096","article-title":"The next big five inventory (BFI-2): developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, Fidelity, and predictive power","volume":"113","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"89","article-title":"Aesthetic engagement and the big five: personality predicts engagement with visual art across multiple outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Specker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"432","article-title":"Personality and aesthetic preference: a comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Specker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920484117","article-title":"Predicting personality from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones","volume":"117","author":"Stachl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.123.4.394","article-title":"Effects of color on emotions","volume":"123","author":"Valdez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"5998","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2020.1747757","article-title":"Appraising research on personalized learning: definitions, theoretical alignment, advancements, and future directions","volume":"52","author":"Walkington","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"312","article-title":"Color education in studio practice: from Itten to contemporary pedagogy","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Art Des. Educ."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Colour: Design & Creativity","author":"Westland","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617693393","article-title":"Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: lessons from machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"837","article-title":"The role of cultural background on color preferences and color-emotion associations","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Color. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1109\/tkde.2021.3070203","article-title":"A survey on multi-task learning","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"845","article-title":"Cultural adaptation of color lexicons in Chinese personality research","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1876102\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:23:39Z","timestamp":1787545419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1876102\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1876102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1876102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"article-number":"1876102"}}