{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:07:23Z","timestamp":1790140043609,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perspective taking, working memory and social problem solving are central to early childhood social and cognitive development, yet they have rarely been examined jointly within a single model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study examined whether the association between three perspective-taking sub-dimensions (cognitive, perceptual, affective) and social problem solving in Turkish preschoolers was indirect, operating through working memory, and whether this indirect association varied with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 457 Turkish preschoolers aged 48\u201372\u202fmonths (50.3% girls) was recruited from independent preschools and kindergarten classrooms affiliated with primary schools in Bolu. Children completed the Perspective-Taking Test for Children and the Wally Social Problem-Solving Test, and mothers completed the working-memory subscale of the Self-Regulation Skills Scale. Three separate moderated mediation models, one for each perspective-taking sub-dimension, were estimated using PROCESS Model 59 with age group as the moderator of all three paths and 5,000 bootstrap resamples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indices of moderated mediation were significant in all three models (cognitive 0.60, perceptual 0.52, affective 0.15) and indirect effects through working memory strengthened systematically with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perspective taking was indirectly associated with social problem solving through working memory, and this indirect association was stronger in older preschoolers. Because the design is cross-sectional, these patterns are associational and require longitudinal confirmation. The findings are consistent with curricular approaches that address cognitive and social\u2013emotional components together.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1880860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:44:16Z","timestamp":1790138656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The indirect role of working memory in the association between perspective-taking skills and social problem-solving skills in preschool children: an age-sensitive moderated mediation in a Turkish sample"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammed Fatih","family":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Childhood Education Department, Faculty of Education, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University","place":["Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001396","article-title":"Working memory development from early childhood to adolescence using two nationally representative samples","volume":"58","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab009","article-title":"Building social cohesion in ethnically mixed schools: an intervention on perspective taking","volume":"136","author":"Alan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.11591\/ijere.v7i2.11945","article-title":"The effects of 'I can problem solve program' on children's perspective taking abilities","volume":"7","author":"Aras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eval. Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"207","article-title":"\u00c7ocuklar i\u00e7in Bak\u0131\u015f A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Alma Testi (\u00c7BT)'nin geli\u015ftirilmesi. [Development of the Perspective-Taking Test for Children (PTTC)]","volume":"17","author":"Aslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ahi Evran \u00dcniv. K\u0131r\u015fehir E\u011ft. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7596\/taksad.v9i3.1988","article-title":"The relationship between problem-solving skills and memory development in preschool children","volume":"9","author":"Aydo\u011fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hist. Cult. Art Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444648","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1444648","article-title":"The mediating effects of self-concept on the relationship between parenting styles and young children's social problem-solving in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"16","author":"Ay\u0131k","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201","article-title":"Working memory: looking back and looking forward","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2095","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2095","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of social problem-solving interventions in preschool settings","volume":"27","author":"Barnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2026.01.012","article-title":"The roles of emotion understanding and peer play on Turkish preschoolers\u2019 social problem-solving","volume":"76","author":"Bugan-Kisir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Early Child Res. Q."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2024.2304375","article-title":"Social functioning in children with ADHD: an examination of inhibition, self-control, and working memory as potential mediators","volume":"30","author":"Bullard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0002093","article-title":"Visuospatial-based block-building training for improving emotion understanding and theory of mind in 4.5-year-olds","volume":"62","author":"Caldwell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315660851","volume-title":"Working memory in Development","author":"Camos","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2132","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2132","article-title":"The individual contributions of three executive function components to preschool social competence","volume":"28","author":"Caporaso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301195110","article-title":"Evolution of working memory","volume":"110","author":"Carruthers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1191-6","article-title":"The many faces of working memory and short-term storage","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.1.74","article-title":"A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children\u2019s social adjustment","volume":"115","author":"Crick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001337","article-title":"Perspective-taking and social inferences in adolescents, young adults, and older adults","volume":"152","author":"De Lillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2021.100999","article-title":"The emergence of empathy: a developmental neuroscience perspective","volume":"62","author":"Decety","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.12738\/estp.2014.1.1679","article-title":"The effect of the values education programme on 5.5\u20136-year-old children's social development: social skills, psycho-social development and social problem-solving skills","volume":"14","author":"Dereli-\u0130man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12237","article-title":"Relations between false belief understanding and executive function in early childhood: a meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Devine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12682","article-title":"Family correlates of false belief understanding in early childhood: a meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Devine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Cognitive and Working memory Training","author":"Diamond","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Cognitive Perspectives on Children's social and Behavioral Development","author":"Dodge","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620904771","article-title":"Rethinking executive function and its development","volume":"15","author":"Doebel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031360","article-title":"Problem solving and behavior modification","volume":"78","author":"D'Zurilla","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"610","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Socioemotional Processes","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"178","article-title":"4-6 ya\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6z-d\u00fczenleme becerileri \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi (Anne formu) [Development of a self-regulation skills scale for children aged 4 to 6 (Mother form)]","volume":"44","author":"Erol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pamukkale \u00dc. E\u011fit. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06780-1","article-title":"A micro-genetic investigation of theory of mind understanding: desire, belief, knowledge, false belief, and emotion","volume":"43","author":"Ertu\u011frul-Ya\u015far","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025414556095","article-title":"Social competence, theory of mind, and executive function in institution-reared Turkish children","volume":"39","author":"Etel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2004.0018","article-title":"Theory-of-mind development: retrospect and prospect","volume":"50","author":"Flavell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Q."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00386","article-title":"Picturing perspectives: development of perspective-taking abilities in 4- to 8-year-olds","volume":"5","author":"Frick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.1.31","article-title":"Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework","volume":"134","author":"Garon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Clinical Behavior Therapy","author":"Goldfried","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6928","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916725117","article-title":"Two systems for thinking about others' thoughts in the developing brain","volume":"117","author":"Grosse Wiesmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46303\/tpicd.2023.1","article-title":"Examination of 5\u20136 year-old children\u2019s social problem solving skills according to social status","volume":"3","author":"G\u00fclay Ogelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor. Pract. Child Dev."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.23129","article-title":"Effects of classroom-based social problem-solving training on elementary school children: investigating the moderating role of executive function","volume":"61","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch."},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13025","article-title":"Development of social working memory in preschoolers and its relation to theory of mind","volume":"90","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14100897","article-title":"Is working memory necessary for both selection and calculation in level 1 visual perspective taking? Evidence from children and adults","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00491","article-title":"Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates","volume":"9","author":"Healey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind","author":"Hofstede","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12746","article-title":"Does parental mind-mindedness account for cross-cultural differences in preschoolers' theory of mind?","volume":"89","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000140","article-title":"Theory of mind and prosocial behavior in childhood: a meta-analytic review","volume":"52","author":"Imuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315205281","volume-title":"Family, Self, and Human Development Across Cultures: Theory and Applications","author":"Ka\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.16991\/INESJOURNAL.46","article-title":"Wally sosyal problem \u00e7\u00f6zme testi: Ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. [Wally Social Problem-Solving Test: Validity and reliability study]","volume":"2","author":"Kay\u0131l\u0131","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52","article-title":"Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1988","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1988","article-title":"Self-regulation: relations with theory of mind and social behaviour","volume":"26","author":"Korucu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/s15566935eed1701_6","article-title":"School readiness: are there social prerequisites?","volume":"17","author":"Ladd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00124","article-title":"An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing","volume":"71","author":"Lemerise","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2024.2421220","article-title":"Spatial perspective taking in non-autistic children and autistic children: do social processes benefit or obstruct?","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2023.2187189","article-title":"Spanish validation of the two-factor interpersonal reactivity index: evidence for the relationship between empathy, social competence, and emotion regulation","volume":"35","author":"Lucas-Molina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.19","article-title":"On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables","volume":"7","author":"MacCallum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2017.12.006","article-title":"Does theatre-in-education promote early childhood development?","volume":"45","author":"Mages","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Child Res. Q."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000222","article-title":"Developmental cascades","volume":"22","author":"Masten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","article-title":"Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation","volume":"12","author":"Maxwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"Erken \u00e7ocukluk e\u011fitim program\u0131. [Early Childhood Education Program]","year":""},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 Maarif Modeli okul \u00f6ncesi e\u011fitim program\u0131. [T\u00fcrkiye Century Education Model Preschool Education Program]","year":""},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00867","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and executive function in young children: a review of NIRS studies","volume":"7","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.106059","article-title":"Executive functions and theory of mind associations in middle childhood: does social interaction act as a mediator?","volume":"248","author":"Mor\u00edn","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2019.1608978","article-title":"Preschool social-emotional competencies predict school adjustment in grade 1","volume":"191","author":"Nakamichi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Child Dev. Care"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74087-z","article-title":"Diversity in perceptual, social, and executive functions in preschoolers from Germany and Iran","volume":"14","author":"Nejati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Starting strong V: Transitions from Early Childhood Education and care to Primary Education","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581117","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.581117","article-title":"The path to fully representational theory of mind: conceptual, executive, and pragmatic challenges","volume":"11","author":"Pesch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00037-z","article-title":"Foundations of theory of mind and its development in early childhood","volume":"1","author":"Rakoczy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cognitive Perspectives on Children's Social and Behavioral Development","author":"Rubin","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0694-6_12","volume-title":"Handbook of social Development","author":"Rubin","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x","article-title":"Mediation analysis in social psychology: current practices and new recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Rucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01768.x","article-title":"It's the thought that counts: specific brain regions for one component of theory of mind","volume":"17","author":"Saxe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105962","article-title":"Executive functions and problem-solving\u2014the contribution of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility to science problem-solving performance in elementary school students","volume":"244","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617715068","article-title":"Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models","volume":"8","author":"Schoemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009","article-title":"Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies","volume":"42","author":"Schurz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030524","article-title":"The impact of working memory on the development of social play in Japanese preschool children: emotion knowledge as a mediator","volume":"10","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"ref73","volume-title":"Social Adjustment of Young Children: A Cognitive Approach to Solving Real-Life Problems","author":"Spivack","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-022-09680-7","article-title":"Classroom-wide school interventions for preschoolers' social-emotional learning: a systematic review of evidence-based programs","volume":"34","author":"\u015etefan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12001","article-title":"Practitioner review: do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct?","volume":"54","author":"Toplak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408316002","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex: functional neural development during early childhood","volume":"14","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2023.101548","article-title":"\u201cAre we both right?\u201d relations between theory of mind and epistemic humility in dyadic cooperative problem-solving in 5- to 9-year-old children","volume":"87","author":"Viana","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197454","article-title":"Evaluation of a teacher training program to enhance executive functions in preschool children","volume":"13","author":"Walk","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Wally Game: A Problem-Solving Skills Test","author":"Webster-Stratton","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2018.1435413","article-title":"Theory of mind: the state of the art","volume":"15","author":"Wellman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x","article-title":"Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks","volume":"75","author":"Wellman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35S","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000310","article-title":"Evolution of models of working memory and cognitive resources","volume":"37","author":"Wingfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/651257","article-title":"Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: myths and truths about mediation analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1880860\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:44:38Z","timestamp":1790138678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1880860\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1880860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1880860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1880860"}}