{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:50Z","timestamp":1787635130569,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research on social\u2013emotional learning (SEL) has accumulated extensive evidence on programmatic outcomes but devoted less attention to the lexical-semantic shape of the educational input that children actually encounter. This study asks how religion-oriented and general-educational children\u2019s broadcasting operationalize SEL competencies at the level of vocabulary. Two Turkish public children\u2019s broadcasters, TRT \u00c7ocuk and TRT Diyanet \u00c7ocuk, were compared. The two share institutional auspices, regulatory oversight, target age range and broadcast format, yet differ systematically in curricular orientation (general-educational vs. religion-oriented). A 225,451-token comparable corpus (112,983 + 112,468; 24 series, 284 episodes) was analyzed using standard corpus-linguistic measures over morphologically lemmatized Turkish text: Simple Maths keyness, Gries\u2019s deviation of proportions for dispersion, and collocation within a \u00b1 5 token window. Pre-registered Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests with Bonferroni-Holm correction served as convergence indicators. The five CASEL competencies appeared in both channels at comparable rates (all SM \u2264 1.31; all DP &amp;lt; 0.18). Schwartz value axes diverged: tradition (SM = 2.50) and benevolence indexed the religion-oriented profile, whereas achievement (SM = 1.37) marked the general-educational channel. The most pronounced pattern emerged in self-regulation. Religious self-regulation appeared at SM = 7.94 in TRT Diyanet \u00c7ocuk (G\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 656.2; Holm-corrected\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001; rank-biserial |r|\u202f=\u202f0.96). Secular self-regulation showed only a modest TRT \u00c7ocuk lead that did not reach inferential significance (SM = 1.56, p_adj = 0.423, null preserved). A theoretical concept of partial substitution is proposed to capture a pattern that neither a supplementation nor an outright displacement account describes: the religious repertoire gains dominance without fully crowding out secular techniques. Findings contribute to the input-characterization line in educational psychology with Turkish empirical material and offer implications for culturally responsive SEL curriculum design.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1887219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1787631828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Partial substitution in the hidden curriculum of children\u2019s media: a comparative corpus analysis of religion-oriented and general-educational Turkish public broadcasting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ramazan","family":"\u015eim\u015fek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Turkish Language and Social Sciences Education, Faculty of Education, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi","place":["Nev\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.63317\/39gnocw3eigg","volume-title":"Construction of the Turkish national corpus (TNC)","author":"Aksan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"T\u00fcrkiye'de Dindarl\u0131k: Sosyal Gerilimler Ekseninde \u0130nan\u00e7 ve Ya\u015fam Bi\u00e7imleri","author":"Ak\u015fit","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12219","article-title":"Screen media and parent-child interactions","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203241219","volume-title":"Ideology and Curriculum","author":"Apple","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350933996","volume-title":"Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis","author":"Baker","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90022-l","article-title":"Social cognitive theory of self-regulation","volume":"50","author":"Bandura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203254602","article-title":"Values and behavior: strength and structure of relations","volume":"29","author":"Bardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190653934.001.0001","volume-title":"The Discourse of News Values: How News Organizations Create Newsworthiness","author":"Bednarek","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bph077","article-title":"Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition","volume":"11","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316410899","volume-title":"Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: A Practical Guide","author":"Brezina","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science","author":"Calvert","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of Self-Regulation","author":"Carver","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3115\/981623.981633","article-title":"Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography","volume":"16","author":"Church","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13968","article-title":"The state of evidence for social and emotional learning: a contemporary meta-analysis of universal school-based SEL interventions","volume":"94","author":"Cipriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"535","article-title":"Between \u201cTurkish Islam\u201d and \u201cFrench Islam\u201d: the role of the Diyanet in the Conseil Fran\u00e7ais du Culte Musulman","volume":"39","author":"\u00c7itak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Migr. Stud."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Temel de\u011ferlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc: Portre De\u011ferler Anketi'nin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlamas\u0131","volume":"13","author":"Demirutku","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. Psikol. Yazilari"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"61","article-title":"Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence","volume":"19","author":"Dunning","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x","article-title":"The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions","volume":"82","author":"Durlak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410610553","volume-title":"Children\u2019s Learning from Educational Television: Sesame Street and Beyond","author":"Fisch","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Keyness: Matching Metrics to Definitions","author":"Gabrielatos","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, and Practice","author":"Gay","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Theory and Resistance in Education: A Pedagogy for the Opposition","author":"Giroux","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2017.0001","article-title":"Social and emotional learning as a public health approach to education","volume":"27","author":"Greenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Futur. Child."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00215.x","article-title":"Nurturing mindfulness in children and youth: current state of research","volume":"6","author":"Greenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.13.4.02gri","article-title":"Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora","volume":"13","author":"Gries","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Corpus Linguist."},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children","author":"Hart","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615581493","article-title":"The contribution of early communication quality to low-income children\u2019s language success","volume":"26","author":"Hirsh-Pasek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018555","article-title":"The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review","volume":"78","author":"Hofmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.01.006","article-title":"Executive functions and self-regulation","volume":"16","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Life in Classrooms","author":"Jackson","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1515\/cllt.2005.1.2.263","article-title":"Language is never, ever, ever, random","volume":"1","author":"Kilgarriff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corpus Linguist. Linguist. Theory"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Proc. Corpus Linguistics Conf","author":"Kilgarriff","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40607-014-0009-9","article-title":"The sketch engine: ten years on","volume":"1","author":"Kilgarriff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lexicography"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"975","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science","author":"King","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0002","article-title":"Media and young children\u2019s learning","volume":"18","author":"Kirkorian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Futur. Child."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Cultural Transmission","author":"Knafo","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312032003465","article-title":"Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy","volume":"32","author":"Ladson-Billings","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X400445","article-title":"TV as storyteller","volume":"27","author":"Linebarger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2010.03.006","article-title":"Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers","volume":"30","author":"Linebarger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764204271505","article-title":"Infants\u2019 and toddlers\u2019 television viewing and language outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Linebarger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0031721718815668","article-title":"An update on social and emotional learning outcome research","volume":"100","author":"Mahoney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2013.01.001","article-title":"Effects of sesame street: a meta-analysis of children\u2019s learning in 15 countries","volume":"34","author":"Mares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230511910","volume-title":"The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English","author":"Martin","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014213","article-title":"Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: associations, explanations, and implications","volume":"135","author":"McCullough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice","author":"McEnery","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Hayat Bilgisi Dersi \u00d6\u011fretim Program\u0131 (\u0130lkokul 1, 2 ve 3. S\u0131n\u0131flar)","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658056","article-title":"Delay of gratification in children","volume":"244","author":"Mischel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/00405849209543534","article-title":"Funds of knowledge for teaching","volume":"31","author":"Moll","year":"1992","journal-title":"Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/14046-000","volume-title":"APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality","author":"Pargament","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976657","volume-title":"The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence","author":"Roehlkepartain","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01805.x","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of the role of quantity and quality of child-directed speech in vocabulary development","volume":"83","author":"Rowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"T\u00fcrkiye'de \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n medya kullanma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"6","volume-title":"A Lexicographer-Friendly Association score","author":"Rychl\u00fd","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022111412267","article-title":"Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging","volume":"42","author":"Saroglou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022111412254","article-title":"Psychology of culture and religion","volume":"42","author":"Saroglou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2017.0007","article-title":"Social and emotional learning and teachers","volume":"27","author":"Schonert-Reichl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Futur. Child."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6","article-title":"Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries","volume":"25","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1116","article-title":"An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online Read. Psychol. Cult."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-6566(03)00069-2","article-title":"Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"38","author":"Schwartz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029393","article-title":"Refining the theory of basic individual values","volume":"103","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Corpus, Concordance, Collocation","author":"Sinclair","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics","author":"Stubbs","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12864","article-title":"Promoting positive youth development through school-based SEL interventions","volume":"88","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15285\/maruaebd.393209","article-title":"Ergenlerde sosyal ve duygusal \u00f6\u011frenme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi. Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Atat\u00fcrk E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi E\u011fitim Bilimleri Dergisi","volume":"48","author":"Totan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0005","article-title":"Media and children\u2019s aggression, fear, and altruism","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Futur. Child."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1887219\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:23:54Z","timestamp":1787631834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1887219\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1887219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1887219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"article-number":"1887219"}}