{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:12Z","timestamp":1785909132850,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growing cultural diversity has increased the need for valid, context-sensitive instruments to assess culture and tolerance, particularly within large-scale social environments. Mega sporting events offer unique platforms for intercultural interaction; however, existing measurement tools remain conceptually fragmented and contextually limited, particularly within Arab sociocultural settings. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate a multidimensional scale of culture and tolerance within the context of mega sporting events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sequential multi-phase scale-development design was employed. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on a sample of 246 participants attending the Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup to identify the underlying factor structure. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was subsequently performed on an independent sample of 434 participants to validate the proposed model. Reliability, construct validity, and measurement invariance across gender were assessed using established psychometric criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      EFA initially identified a three-factor structure explaining 47.8% of the total variance. Parallel analysis supported the retention of three factors. Subsequent CFA supported a parsimonious two-factor model comprising 20 items distributed across the dimensions of Dialogue, Respect, and Empowerment (DRE) and Respect for Opinions and Coexistence (ROC). The final model demonstrated satisfactory fit to the data (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/df\u202f=\u202f2.87, CFI\u202f=\u202f0.947, TLI\u202f=\u202f0.931, RMSEA\u202f=\u202f0.065), acceptable internal consistency (overall\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.765;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.778), adequate convergent validity (AVE\u202f=\u202f0.503\u20130.512), discriminant validity (HTMT\u202f=\u202f0.312), and partial scalar measurement invariance across gender. Common method bias assessment indicated that a single factor accounted for only 21.7% of the total variance. These findings provide preliminary but encouraging evidence of the scale\u2019s psychometric adequacy, supporting its use as a promising context-sensitive instrument for assessing culture and tolerance in multicultural mega-sport event settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed scale offers a culturally grounded and psychometrically supported instrument for evaluating culture and tolerance within mega sporting events. Further cross-cultural validation and longitudinal testing are recommended to strengthen its generalizability and broader applicability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1887691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:38:57Z","timestamp":1785908337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and psychometric validation of a culture and tolerance scale in mega sporting events: evidence from an Arab context"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mouloud","family":"Kenioua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, Department of Sports Training, University of Batna","place":["Batna, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Krine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Literature and Criticism, Faculty of Arabic Language, Literature and Arts, University of Batna","place":["Batna, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, Benha University","place":["Benha, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau","place":["Bac\u0103u, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Ioana","family":"Alexe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau","place":["Bac\u0103u, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Iulian","family":"Alexe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, \u201cVasile Alecsandri\u201d University of Bacau","place":["Bac\u0103u, Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The Nature of Prejudice","author":"Allport","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"265","article-title":"A social distance scale","volume":"17","author":"Bogardus","year":"1933","journal-title":"Sociol. 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