{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:08:10Z","timestamp":1788761290283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both people with schizophrenia (SCZ) and Tourette syndrome (TS) have been found to be commonly stigmatized, but stereotypes held for both have never been directly compared. Clinicians and students of healthcare professions have been shown to also be affected by stereotypical beliefs. Media portrayals frequently perpetuate stereotypes, while accurate depictions could raise awareness and reduce stigma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to compare stereotypes regarding SCZ and TS and their associations with social media consumption. We conducted an online survey amongst psychology students in the UK (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 69, age\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 20.48 \u00b1 1.75, range 18\u201326 years, 57 females).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, both diagnoses were seen neutrally. Participants felt neutral about or disagreed with most stereotypes. However, SCZ was perceived as significantly unpredictable. In comparison to SCZ, people with TS were seen as less dangerous, violent, disruptive and unpredictable. Correlations did not show significant associations between daily hours spent on social media, seen portrayals, the belief that the media influences subjective beliefs, and negative attitudes towards TS\/SCZ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest neutral to positive attitudes towards SCZ and TS in current psychology students. Compared to TS, SCZ is more affected by stereotypes. Given the small, local (UK) sample in this study, future studies should include more large-scale global samples to elicit a potential shift in attitudes towards mental health conditions in young healthcare professionals and its relation to the media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1894805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:33:08Z","timestamp":1788759188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attitudes towards Tourette syndrome and schizophrenia amongst psychology students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Catharina","family":"Cramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kleine B\u00fcning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University","place":["Aachen, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Clinical Psychology, RWTH Aachen","place":["Aachen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Center for Innovation in Mental health, University of Southampton","place":["Southampton, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Psychology, Center for Innovation in Mental health, University of Southampton","place":["Southampton, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018305","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3018305","article-title":"The assessment of knowledge about tourette's syndrome among medical students and primary physicians in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2022","author":"Alalwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007120","article-title":"The stereotype of schizophrenia and its impact on discrimination against people with schizophrenia: results from a representative survey in Germany","volume":"30","author":"Angermeyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224231197436","article-title":"The stigma of diseases: unequal burden, uneven decline","volume":"88","author":"Best","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002","article-title":"Clinical course of tourette syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Bloch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2517-2641","article-title":"Psychiatrische begriffe im wandel \u2013 warum eine umbenennung der schizophrenie im 21. jahrhundert n\u00f6tig ist","volume":"52","author":"B\u00f6ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Prax."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-940098","article-title":"Ein irrtum der gebildeten? Gespaltene pers\u00f6nlichkeit und schizophrenie","volume":"34","author":"Borsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiat. Prax."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113140","article-title":"Targeting the problem of treatment non-adherence among mentally ill patients: the impact of loss, grief and stigma","volume":"290","author":"Buchman-Wildbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100016620","article-title":"The portrayal of tourette syndrome in film and television","volume":"41","author":"Calder-Sprackman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632013000200006","article-title":"Familiarity with and attitudes to tourette's syndrome in healthcare students: a pilot comparison with epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Cara Katona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640231194490","article-title":"Healthcare professionals' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2010.00203.x","article-title":"Naming psychosis: the Hong Kong experience","volume":"4","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psych."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100529","article-title":"Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies","volume":"63","author":"Corrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S175765","article-title":"Social stigma and self-perception in adolescents with tourette syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"AHMT"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03435-4","article-title":"Predictors of help-seeking behaviour in people with mental health problems: a 3-year prospective community study","volume":"21","author":"Doll","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiat."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.10.1402","article-title":"Use of schizophrenia as a metaphor in U.S","volume":"54","author":"Duckworth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Newspapers. PS"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811432294","article-title":"Public perception of tourette syndrome on youtube","volume":"27","author":"Fat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.17711\/SM.0185-3325.2018.031","article-title":"Stigma and perceived aggression towards schizophrenia in female students of medicine and psychology","volume":"41","author":"Fres\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Salud Ment."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587321","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.587321","article-title":"Education students' stigma toward mental health problems: a cross-cultural comparison","volume":"11","author":"Gallego","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiat."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"School psychologists' knowledge of tourette syndrome characteristics and awareness of appropriate interventions\n          \n          \n            \n              Glassman\n              J.\n            \n          \n          PCOM Psychology Dissertations\n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity","author":"Goffman","year":"2022"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2013.857339","article-title":"A patient-led educational program on tourette syndrome: impact and implications for patient-centered medical education","volume":"26","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Teach. Learn. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.12.017","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue on structural stigma and health","volume":"103","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-36629","article-title":"Die schizophrenie in der frankfurter allgemeinen zeitung - ein lehrst\u00fcck","volume":"30","author":"Hoffmann-Richter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Prax."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-007-9042-z","article-title":"Evaluation of a peer-focused intervention to increase knowledge and foster positive attitudes toward children with tourette syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Holtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.08.019","article-title":"Attitudes toward schizophrenia in the general population, psychiatric staff, physicians, and psychiatrists: a web-based survey in Japan","volume":"186","author":"Hori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13155","article-title":"Effects of comorbidity on tourette's tic severity and quality of life","volume":"140","author":"Huisman-van Dijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.08.010","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of tourette syndrome prevalence; 1986 to 2022","volume":"137","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05386-4","article-title":"Data-mining analysis of media frame effects on social perception of schizophrenia renaming in Korea","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiat."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648957","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1648957","article-title":"Schizophrenia spectrum stigma in healthcare: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Kruse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychiat."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01651-x","article-title":"Relationships among tic symptoms, expressed emotions, and quality of life in tic disorder patients","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","article-title":"Conceptualizing stigma","volume":"27","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68184-1","article-title":"Stigma and its public health implications","volume":"367","author":"Link","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-3802.12570","article-title":"British teachers' knowledge and awareness of tourette syndrome in children attending mainstream school","volume":"22","author":"Ludlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Spec. Educ. Needs"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546","article-title":"The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets","volume":"23","author":"Lumley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000209","article-title":"The predictive power of expressed emotion and its components in relapse of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000161","article-title":"Improving psychology students' attitudes toward people with schizophrenia: a quasi-randomized controlled study","volume":"86","author":"Magliano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-016-9524-y","article-title":"\u201cI'm not being rude, I'd want somebody normal\u201d: adolescents' perception of their peers with tourette's syndrome: an exploratory study","volume":"29","author":"Malli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114970","article-title":"Understanding stigma toward schizophrenia","volume":"318","author":"Mannarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(04)80044-0","article-title":"What do those who know, know? Investigating providers' knowledge about tourette's syndrome and its treatment","volume":"11","author":"Marcks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Pract."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00031-8","article-title":"INTEGRATE: international guidelines for the algorithmic treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","article-title":"Schizophrenia\u2014an overview","volume":"77","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.08.034","article-title":"Are we ready for a name change for schizophrenia? A survey of multiple stakeholders","volume":"238","author":"Mesholam-Gately","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02939-8","article-title":"Call for action: misinformation about tourette syndrome from major media network","author":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01832-4","article-title":"European clinical guidelines for tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: summary statement","volume":"31","author":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13703","article-title":"Have we forgotten what tics are? A re-exploration of tic phenomenology in youth with primary tics","volume":"10","author":"Nilles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70252","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70252","article-title":"The phenomenology of tics in adults: data from the calgary and paris adult tic disorders registry","volume":"32","author":"Nilles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500541","article-title":"Schizophrenia on youtube","volume":"68","author":"Nour","year":"2017","journal-title":"PS."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13316","article-title":"TikTok tics: a pandemic within a pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Olvera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100371","article-title":"Portrayals of schizophrenia by entertainment media: a content analysis of contemporary movies","volume":"63","author":"Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PS."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.023","article-title":"Korean adults' beliefs about and social distance toward attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"269","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1359","article-title":"Stigma and attitudes towards mental illness: gender differences in a sample of Italian medical students","volume":"41","author":"Pascucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. psychiatr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12973","article-title":"Dyadic effects of stigma on quality of life in people with schizophrenia and their family caregivers: mediating role of patients' perception of caregivers' expressed emotion","volume":"63","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fam. Process"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145702","article-title":"The stigma complex","volume":"41","author":"Pescosolido","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02332-3","article-title":"Reframing stigma in tourette syndrome: an updated scoping review","volume":"34","author":"Pring","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70110","article-title":"Tic-Talk: voices on tourette's labelling","volume":"12","author":"Raffaele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00824.x","article-title":"Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the \u2018mental illness is an illness like any other' approach","volume":"114","author":"Read","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2022.2119459","article-title":"Comparing social stigma of dissociative identity disorder, schizophrenia, and depressive disorders","volume":"24","author":"Reisinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00437-5","article-title":"Family interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Rodolico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1608-9","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of media reports of severe mental illness on stigma and discrimination, and interventions that aim to mitigate any adverse impact","volume":"54","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiat. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0235-7","article-title":"The association of schizophrenia with split personality is not an ubiquitous phenomenon","volume":"42","author":"Schomerus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Psychiat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02272-4","article-title":"Changes in continuum beliefs for depression and schizophrenia in the general population 2011\u20132020: a widening gap","volume":"58","author":"Schomerus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiat. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","article-title":"Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies","volume":"27","author":"Solmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiat."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02138-4","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of schizophrenia - data, with critical appraisal, from the global burden of disease (GBD) 2019","volume":"28","author":"Solmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiat."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113068","article-title":"Schizophrenia stigma in mental health professionals and associated factors: a systematic review","volume":"290","author":"Valery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.3721","article-title":"Association of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and violence perpetration in adults and adolescents from 15 countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Whiting","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(98)00011-9","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome and tics: relevance for school psychologists","volume":"36","author":"Wodrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12510","article-title":"Associations between renaming schizophrenia and stigma-related outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.02.003","article-title":"The phenomenology of tics and tic-like behavior in tiktok","volume":"130","author":"Zea Vera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1177\/004912417400200406","article-title":"The Effects of violating the normality assumption underlying r","volume":"2","author":"Zeller","year":"1974","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03533-3","article-title":"Global lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1894805\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:33:10Z","timestamp":1788759190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1894805\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1894805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1894805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"article-number":"1894805"}}