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Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates Italian parents' perceptions of \u2018good parenting' and cultural variations. 250 mothers and 87 fathers were surveyed during the third trimester, with follow-ups at 6\u201312 weeks and 6 months postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using Grounded Theory Analysis, data underwent iterative coding, forming lower and higher order codes, super-categories, and themes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The resulting theory, \u2018The diminishing polyads of parenting,' identifies four themes for mothers and three for fathers. Mothers prioritize emotional presence, self-sacrifice, and role balance, while fathers focus more on physical presence and active involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study advocates for a gender-neutral approach to supporting diverse family dynamics, recognizing evolving parental views and societal norms' impact. Inclusive interventions and policies can better aid families in their parenting journey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1894854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:34:42Z","timestamp":1788759282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The diminishing polyads of parenting: exploring cultural perspectives of \u2018good parenting' using grounded theory analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Ciuffo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Psicologia, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Landoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Psicologia, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Smorti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ionio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Psicologia, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Silverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540513485271","article-title":"Infant-feeding consumerism in the age of intensive mothering and risk society","volume":"13","author":"Afflerback","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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