{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:43Z","timestamp":1788415963331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare pre\u2013post changes in problematic smartphone use tendencies and emotion regulation across four exercise modalities and examine whether cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression changes accounted for between-modality differences in SAS-SV reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety college students were assessed; five were excluded before randomization for exercise contraindications, and 85 were randomized to aerobic training, strength training, VR-based gamified exercise, or combined training. Seventy-seven participants completing both assessments and at least 80% of sessions entered a modified per-protocol complete-case analysis; no intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. All groups completed a 12-week intervention. Outcomes were assessed pre and post-intervention. Group differences were examined using mixed-design ANOVA, followed by exploratory multicategorical parallel mediation with aerobic training as the reference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SAS-SV scores and expressive suppression decreased, whereas cognitive reappraisal increased, in all groups. Significant time \u00d7 group interactions occurred for SAS-SV,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3, 73)\u202f=\u202f45.205,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.001, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u202f0.650; cognitive reappraisal,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3, 73)\u202f=\u202f21.992,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.001, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u202f0.475; and expressive suppression,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3, 73)\u202f=\u202f18.860,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.001, partial \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =\u202f0.437. The combined group showed the largest changes. Relative to aerobic training, total indirect effects were 0.722 for strength training, 1.253 for VR-based exercise, and 1.916 for combined training; mediator-specific indirect effects were nonzero for all contrasts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The four modalities were associated with different magnitudes of pre\u2013post change, with combined training showing the largest changes. Without diagnostic selection or a non-exercise control, the findings concern problematic smartphone use tendencies in a college-student sample and do not establish exercise-specific effects or causal mediation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1896277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:15:29Z","timestamp":1788412529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative changes in problematic smartphone use tendencies across four active exercise modalities among college students: an exploratory multicategorical relative indirect-effect analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nanjing Normal University","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canzhong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nanjing Normal University","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Health Preservation, Communication University of Kunming","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314331","article-title":"Acute psychological and physiological benefits of exercising with virtual reality","volume":"19","author":"Barbour","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.07.010","article-title":"Exercise as a buffer against difficulties with emotion regulation: a pathway to emotional wellbeing","volume":"109","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. 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