{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:59:11Z","timestamp":1785473951361,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In recent years, pedagogical models (PMs) have gained increasing attention in physical education (PE) due to their potential to enhance students' motivational outcomes. This study aimed to systematically synthesize the available evidence on the effects of pedagogical models on autonomous motivation, a motivation, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and intention to be physically active among children and adolescents. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in Scopus, Web of Sciences, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, ERIC and PsychARTICLES. A total of 20 studies were included in the analysis. Exploratory meta-regression analyses were performed to examine whether content area, pedagogical approach, intervention duration, educational stage, and participants\u2018 age were associated with the observed effects. The pooled analyses suggested that pedagogical models were associated with higher autonomous motivation (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.652; 95% CI [0.373, 0.932];\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001), competence satisfaction (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.435; 95% CI [0.252, 0.618];\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001), autonomy satisfaction (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.313; 95% CI [0.089, 0.536];\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006), intention to be physically active (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.745; 95% CI [0.359, 1.131];\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001) together with lower amotivation (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22120.431; 95% CI [\u22120.700, \u22120.162];\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006). Meta-regression analyses indicated that individual sports (\u03b2 = \u22121.78;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01) and health-related content (\u03b2 = \u22121.68;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.02) were associated with lower autonomous motivation compared to team sports. Pedagogical models may promote more favorable motivational outcomes in physical education, particularly autonomous motivation, competence satisfaction, autonomy satisfaction and intention to be physically active. The low certainty of the evidence, substantial between-study heterogeneity and the exploratory nature of the moderator analyses limit confidence in the magnitude of these pooled effects. These findings should be interpreted with caution, and further high-quality randomized controlled trials using more standardized intervention protocols are needed to confirm these associations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:12Z","timestamp":1785471852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pedagogical models application in physical education on motivational variables, intention to be physically active and basic psychological needs satisfaction: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Alonso-Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada","place":["Granada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Zurita-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada","place":["Granada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Ubago-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada","place":["Granada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Tadeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESECD\u2014CI&DEI\u2014Polytechnic University of Guarda","place":["Guarda, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Melguizo-Ib\u00e1nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specific Didactics, University of La Laguna","place":["San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2024.2446787","article-title":"A bildung theoretical framework for models-based practice in physical education","author":"Aggerholm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2021.1990248","article-title":"How does physical education teacher education matter? A methodological approach to understanding transitions from PETE to school physical education","volume":"28","author":"Backman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2016.03139","article-title":"The effect of IAAF kids athletics on the physical fitness and motivation of elementary school students in track and field","volume":"16","author":"Blatsis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119558378","volume-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2021"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","article-title":"A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Borenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.6063\/motricidade.13318","article-title":"Clarifying the influence of sport education on basic psychological need satisfaction in high school students","volume":"14","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Motricidade"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X231165229","article-title":"Students' need satisfaction and frustration profiles: differences in outcomes in physical education and physical activity- related variables","volume":"29","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"87","article-title":"Sport education versus traditional teaching: influence on motivational regulation in high school students","volume":"17","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cuad. Psicol. Deporte"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.12800\/ccd.v5i15.103","article-title":"Learning to teach sport education: initial experience in elementary education","volume":"5","author":"Calder\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cienc. Cult. Deporte"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.5232\/ricyde2020.06005","article-title":"\u00bfEs efectivo el modelo de educaci\u00f3n deportiva para mejorar la deportividad y actividad f\u00edsica en escolares?","volume":"16","author":"Casado-Robles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1998"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1977.10489493","article-title":"Detection of influential observations in linear regression","volume":"19","author":"Cook","year":"1977","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.26582\/k.48.1.15","article-title":"Sport education model and self-determination theory: an intervention in secondary school children","volume":"48","author":"Cuevas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kinesiology."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243608","article-title":"Effects of cooperative games on enjoyment in physical education-how to increase positive experiences in students?","volume":"15","author":"Engels","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2019.1582470","article-title":"Detecting selection bias in meta-analyses with multiple outcomes: a simulation study","volume":"89","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Castilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"The J. Exp. Educ."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2022.2039615","article-title":"What do we know about pedagogical models in physical education so far? An umbrella review","author":"Fernandez-Rio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2015.1123238","article-title":"Impact of a sustained cooperative learning intervention on student motivation","volume":"22","author":"Fernandez-Rio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X211052883","article-title":"Motivation, basic psychological needs and intention to be physically active after a gamified intervention programme","volume":"28","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-R\u00edo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"1981"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12468","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212468","article-title":"Effects of a sport education model-based teaching intervention on students' behavioral and motivational outcomes within the physical education setting in the COVID-19 scenario","volume":"13","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070573","article-title":"Implementation of a hybrid educational program between the Model of personal and social responsibility (TPSR) and the teaching games for understanding (TGfU) in physical education and its effects on health: an approach based on mixed methods","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-Castej\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6170","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156170","article-title":"Can a hybrid sport education\/teaching games for understanding volleyball unit be more effective in less motivated students? An examination into a set of motivation-related variables","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0179876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179876","article-title":"Impact of a hybrid TGfU-sport education unit on student motivation in physical education","volume":"12","author":"Gil-Arias","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X20950174","article-title":"Effect of a hybrid teaching games for understanding\/sport education unit on elementary students' self-determined motivation in physical education","volume":"27","author":"Gil-Arias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X18797363","article-title":"Hybridizing pedagogical models: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2020.1752650","article-title":"Physical education teachers' perceptions of the successes, constraints, and possibilities associated with implementing the sport education model","volume":"25","author":"Harvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Models of Teaching","author":"Joyce","year":"2014"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050877","article-title":"Could the hybridization of the SE\/TGfU pedagogical models be an alternative for learning sports and promoting health? School context study","volume":"10","author":"L\u00f3pez-Lemus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.15366\/rimcafd2015.59.004","article-title":"Sport education model versus traditional model: effects on motivation and sportsmanship","volume":"15","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Gim\u00e9nez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.15269","article-title":"Violence, responsibility, friendship and basic psychological needs: effects of a sport education and teaching for personal and social responsibility","volume":"21","author":"Men\u00e9ndez-Santurio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Psicodid\u00e1ct."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Los Modelos Pedag\u00f3gicos En Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica. Qu\u00e9, C\u00f3mo, Por Qu\u00e9 y Para Qu\u00e9","author":"P\u00e9rez-Pueyo","year":"2021"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X231189146","article-title":"The spectrum of teaching styles and models-based practice for physical education","volume":"30","author":"Pill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103874","article-title":"Psychological effects of gamified didactics with exergames in physical education at primary schools: results from a natural experiment","author":"Quintas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/picr.PICR_87_17","article-title":"Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: logistic regression","volume":"8","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. Clin. Res."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"167","article-title":"What is your research question? An introduction to the PICOT format for clinicians","volume":"56","author":"Riva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2023.2209734","article-title":"Pedagogical models, physical activity and intention to be physically active: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Saiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Metaan\u00e1lisis En Ciencias Sociales Y De La Salud.","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Meca","year":"2015"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01103","article-title":"Effects on personal factor through flipped learning and gamification as combined methodologies in secondary education","volume":"11","author":"Segura-Robles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X15613463","article-title":"Gender and corporal expression activity in physical education: effect of an intervention on students' motivational processes","volume":"22","author":"Sevil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159673","article-title":"Influence of hybrid pedagogical models on learning outcomes in physical education: a systematic literature review","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1108\/S0749-7423(2010)000016A007","article-title":"\u201cThe development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: an historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions,\u201d","volume-title":"The Decade Ahead: Theoretical Perspectives on Motivation and Achievement","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2010"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032359","article-title":"On psychological growth and vulnerability: basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle","volume":"23","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Integr."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-019-09818-1","article-title":"Basic psychological need theory: advancements, critical themes, and future directions","volume":"44","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mot. Emot."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v38i38.73546","article-title":"A Sport Education teaching unit as a citizenship education strategy in physical education. A group-randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Viciana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retos"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","article-title":"Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2020.103247","article-title":"Self-determination theory in physical education: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"99","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897090\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:15Z","timestamp":1785471855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897090\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"article-number":"1897090"}}