{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:12:24Z","timestamp":1790143944523,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Population ageing is increasingly occurring in societies shaped by migration. Older migrants differ substantially in migration cohort, duration of residence, labour-market histories, language proficiency, pension rights, social networks and access to welfare institutions. For ageing migrants, healthcare access is not only a service-use outcome but also an indicator of welfare anchorage, institutional trust and the practical capacity to translate formal rights into effective care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study examines health outcomes and healthcare-access patterns among Latvian migrants aged 45\u202fyears and older. It asks whether mobility pattern is associated with poor psychological and physical health, and whether healthcare use is organised locally, transnationally or across multiple countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The analysis draws on the 2019 wave of the Latvian emigrant survey. The analytical focus is on respondents aged 45+. Mobility pattern\/place of residence was classified as living outside Latvia, living mostly outside Latvia, or alternating between Latvia and another country. Health outcomes included self-rated general health, poor physical health days in the past 30\u202fdays, poor psychological health days in the past 30\u202fdays, and frequent mental distress. Healthcare access was measured by whether respondents had received healthcare in Latvia, in the country of residence, or in another country during the previous 5\u202fyears. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, ANOVA and regression-oriented interpretation were used to examine health outcomes and healthcare-access location.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Poor psychological health days did not differ significantly across mobility groups,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 3,322)\u202f=\u202f1.472,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.230. Poor physical health days also did not differ significantly,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 3,400)\u202f=\u202f1.667,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.189. In contrast, healthcare-access location differed strongly by mobility pattern. Healthcare use in Latvia increased from 34.8% among respondents living outside Latvia to 55.5% among those living mostly outside Latvia and 72.6% among those alternating between Latvia and another country. Healthcare use in the country of residence decreased across the same mobility gradient, from 87.2 to 76.2 and 58.7%, respectively. Use of healthcare in another country was highest among alternating migrants, at 18.0%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Among ageing Latvian migrants, mobility pattern does not significantly differentiate recent poor physical or psychological health days, but it strongly differentiates where healthcare is obtained. The findings suggest that later-life healthcare use among migrants reflects not only morbidity, but also language, institutional familiarity, trust, welfare anchorage and transnational mobility. Active ageing among migrants therefore depends not only on health status, but also on effective, understandable and continuous access to healthcare across borders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:49:49Z","timestamp":1790142589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ageing across borders: psychological wellbeing, health and healthcare access among Latvian migrants in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ieva","family":"Reine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]},{"name":"Statistics Unit, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Koro\u013ceva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandrs","family":"Aleksandrovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inta","family":"Mieri\u0146a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13202606","article-title":"Ambiguous loss among aging migrants: a concept analysis- and nursing care-oriented model","volume":"13","author":"Al-Hamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S236","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_29_24","article-title":"Migration and mental health problems of older adults: challenges and proposed solutions","volume":"33","author":"Anantapong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70042","DOI":"10.1111\/imig.70042","article-title":"\u201cTo return or not to return, that is the question\u201d: the role of health in return intentions among three groups of older migrants in Italy","volume":"63","author":"\u00c7ela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Migr."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183x.2016.1238903","article-title":"Ageing as a migrant: vulnerabilities, agency and policy implications","volume":"43","author":"Ciobanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Migr. Stud."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12092-4","volume-title":"The Emigrant Communities of Latvia","author":"Ka\u0161a","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X20001518","article-title":"Reversing retirement frontiers in the spaces of post-socialism: active ageing through migration for work","volume":"41","author":"Lulle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2012.01.007","article-title":"Responding to diversity: an exploratory study of migrant health policies in Europe","volume":"105","author":"Mladovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2547","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.2547","article-title":"Migration, ageing and transnational care arrangements of Ecuadorian care workers in Spain","volume":"28","author":"Mor\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Population Space Place"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-187","article-title":"Good practice in health care for migrants: views and experiences of care professionals in 16 European countries","volume":"11","author":"Priebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","author":"Reine","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01301-9","article-title":"Digital information technology use and transnational healthcare: a population-based study on older Russian-speaking migrants in Finland","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.33134\/njmr.561","article-title":"A scoping review on ageing migrants in Finland through the lens of intersectionality and vulnerability","volume":"13","author":"Smarika","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nord. J. Migr. Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/s0144686x04002296","article-title":"The diversity and welfare of older migrants in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Warnes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Active Ageing: A Policy Framework","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897187\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:49:50Z","timestamp":1790142590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897187\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1897187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1897187"}}